RESUMO A esporotricose é uma doença emergente e a incidência de esporotricose zoonótica tem aumentado, principalmente no Brasil; a maioria dos casos está relacionada à transmissão de gatos infectados. O diagnóstico definitivo da esporotricose felina é feito por cultura fúngica; no entanto, aguardar o longo período de cultura pode atrasar o início do tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar e determinar as espécies de Sporothrix por PCR realizado diretamente das lesões de gatos, provenientes de área endêmica, nos quais a esporotricose fazia parte do diagnóstico diferencial. Um total de 87,1% dos casos foi positivo por PCR ou cultura fúngica para Sporothrix; 81,4% foram confirmados como S. brasiliensis por PCR, 71,4% por isolamento e 65,7% pelos dois métodos. Em conclusão, a análise direta por PCR de lesões sugestivas de esporotricose em gatos é um bom método para confirmar a infecção e determinar as espécies de Sporothrix, garantindo um diagnóstico rápido; esse método tem uma boa concordância com o isolamento fúngico.

ABSTRACT Background: Recent studies report that patients with chronic pain, they undergo changes in the processing of information that reaches them from the periphery with the mere fact of changing the order in which the stimuli are exercised, for example, when their hands are crossed. In patients with chronic pain, the presence of alterations in their somatotropic frames of reference has been demonstrated, and this is why the strategy of crossing the extremities through the midline could generate changes in the perception of pain. Objective: To evaluate if an analgesic physiotherapy program with hand crossing technique is more effective than a program without crossing hands, in order to reduce pain. Material and method: Sixteen patients with chronic pain in elbow, wrist or hand, were randomized in two groups. One received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with hand crossing and closed eyes, and the other (control group) received only the application of TENS. Each group was evaluated before and after the intervention with the McGill pain questionnaire and the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: A decrease in post-intervention pain was observed in both groups; where the control group decreased an average of 3.5 cm and the experimental group 3.75 cm. All sessions of the experimental group were statistically significant (P = <0.05), while one session in the control group was not statistically significant (P = 0.051). However, the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) between both groups, did not give statistically significant (p = 0.863). Conclusions: The results do not show that the crossing of hands potentiates the effects of analgesic therapy on pain intensity. More information is the effects to include this technique as a support strategy in patients with chronic pain, and to manage sensory alterations and changes in the processing of information that reaches the periphery.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Estudios recientes refieren que los pacientes con dolor crónico sufren cambios en el procesamiento de la información que les llega desde la periferia con el solo hecho de cambiar el orden en que los estímulos les son ejercidos, por ejemplo, cuando se les cruzan las manos. En los pacientes con dolor crónico se ha demostrado la presencia de alteraciones en sus marcos de referencia somatotópicos, y es por esto que la estrategia de cruzar las extremidades por la línea media, podría generar cambios en la percepción dolorosa. Objetivo: Evaluar si un programa de fisioterapia analgésica aplicada con cruce de manos es más eficaz que uno sin el cruce para disminuir el dolor. Material y método: 16 pacientes con dolor crónico de codo, muñeca o mano ingresaron al estudio. Fueron aleatorizados en un grupo experimental, que recibió la aplicación de electroanalgesia nerviosa transcutánea (TENS) con cruce de manos y ojos cerrados, además de un grupo control, que recibió solo electroanalgesia. A cada grupo se les evaluó su dolor pre y postintervención, con el cuestionario del dolor de McGill y la escala visual análoga (EVA). Resultados: Ambos grupos, el control y experimental, presentaron una disminución en el dolor postintervención; el grupo control disminuyó una media de 3,5 cm y el grupo experimental con una media de 3,75 cm. Todas las sesiones del grupo experimental fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05), mientras que el grupo control presentó una sesión no estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,051). El análisis de varianza (ANOVA) entre ambos grupos, sin embargo, no dio estadísticamente significativo (p = 0,863). Conclusiones: Los resultados no evidencian convincentemente que el cruce de manos potencia los efectos de la terapia analgésica en relación con la intensidad dolorosa. Más estudios serían necesarios para incluir esta técnica como una estrategia de apoyo en pacientes con dolor crónico, y poder manejar así las alteraciones sensoperceptivas y los cambios en el procesamiento de la información que les llega de la periferia.

Orthodontic fixed appliances include elements that allow the accumulation of bacterial plaque, making tooth brushing more difficult and increasing the risk of developing caries, white spot lesions, and periodontal disease. Several toothbrushes designs have been developed to facilitate oral hygiene in orthodontic patients; however, it has been observed that most patients do not take enough time to brush using adequately both commonly prescribed toothbrushes (Oral-B End-Tufted® and Oral-B Orthodontic® brushes). Oral B Cross Action Pro-Health® has been presented as an alternative, easier to use and to transport. To assess the effectiveness of Cross Action Pro-Health® versus commonly prescribed toothbrushes, two randomly assigned groups of 23 orthodontic patients each, were evaluated. One group of patients used commonly prescribed toothbrushes and the second group used Cross Action Pro-Health®. O`Leary, modified gingival and Bracket plaque index were measured before and 45 days after the daily use of the two mentioned toothbrushes prescriptions. T-test was used to detect statistically significant differences among the brushes for each index. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of the three indexes with the daily use of Cross Action Pro-Health® and no differences were found versus commonly used prescription. Orthodontic patients may benefit from the use of a single brush prescription (Cross Action Pro-Health®), because effective plaque removal can be achieved easier and faster.

La aparatología empleada en los tratamientos de ortodoncia, favorece la retención de placa bacteriana y dificulta su eliminación por parte del paciente, aumentando el riesgo de desarrollar caries, manchas blancas y enfermedad periodontal. Diferentes cepillos dentales se han desarrollado para facilitar la mantención de una adecuada higiene oral en estos pacientes, sin embargo, se ha observado que los cepillos comunmente indicados (cepillo ortodóncico mas cepillo unipenacho), no siempre son bien manejados y difícilmente se usan ambos. El cepillo Cross Action Pro-Salud®, se ha presentado como una alternativa simple de usar y de transportar, por ser un único cepillo que combina las caracteristicas de los dos cepillos comunmente recomendados. Para evaluar la efectividad de este cepillo, en comparación con la prescripción convencional, se evaluaron 2 grupos, de 23 pacientes cada uno, portadores de aparatología fija. Un grupo utilizó la prescripción habitual y un segundo grupo utilizó cepillo Cross Action Pro-Salud®, por un período de 45 días. Los indices de higiene de O`leary, de placa en brackets y gingival modificado fueron registrados al inicio y 45 días después del uso diario de los cepillos antes mencionados. Se utilizó test-t para comparar los resultados obtenidos y se determinó que se produjo una disminución significativa en los tres indices de higiene, no existiendo diferencias en los resultados obtenidos entre ambas prescripciones. El cepillo Oral-B Cross-Action Pro-Salud® es una alternativa recomendable, ya que permite eliminar efectivamente la placa bacteriana en pacientes ortodónticos, y al ser un único cepillo, facilita y acorta el tiempo de cepillado.

Poultry is a main reservoir and source of human infection in campylobacteriosis. Three hundred and forty one stool samples (291 human, 50 avian) were analyzed. In the human group, 220 samples were collected from children with acute diarrheal disease (183 inpatients, 37 outpatients) and 71 from healthy children. Erythromycin and ciprofloxacin agar dilution MIC tests, Penner serotyping and RAPD-PCR genotyping were performed on 23 strains isolated. C. jejuni was reported only in patients with acute diarrhea (5.4% inpatients, 2.2% outpatients). Campylobacter prevalence in poultry was 34%. Cross-resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was found in 33.3% of human samples and 11.8% of animal samples. Human samples could not be typed using the Penner method. F serotype was the most expressed in poultry. We obtained a total of 14 genotypes (4 / 5 human and 10/15 avian). In conclusion, the predominant species in poultry and humans was C. jejuni, a significant amount of quinolone-resistant human and avian samples were obtained, and avian genotypes and serotypes were not found in human samples. The latter would mean that another source of infection could exist; therefore other reservoirs must be studied.

Las aves de consumo constituyen uno de los principales reservorios y fuente de infección humana de la campilo-bacteriosis. Se analizaron 341 muestras de deposiciones, 291 humanas y 50 aviares. De las muestras, 220 de niños con síndrome diarreico agudo-SDA (183 hospitalizados y 37 consultantes ambulatorios) y 71 niños sanos. A las 23 cepas obtenidas se les realizó CIM por dilución en agar a eritromicina y ciprofloxacina, serotipificación de Penner y genotipiicación por RAPD-PCR. Se encontró Campylobacterjejuni sólo en pacientes con SDA, de ellos 5,4% ambulatorios y 2,2% hospitalizados. En aves, la prevalencia de Campylobacter spp., fue de 34%. Hubo resistencia cruzada a ácido nalidixico y ciprofloxacina en 33,3% cepas de origen humano y 11,8% animal. Las cepas humanas fueron no tipiicables por el método de Penner. Predominó entre las aves el serotipo F. Se obtuvo un total de 14 genotipos (4/5 humanos y 10/15 aviares). En conclusión, la especie predominante en aves de corral y en humanos fue C. jejuni, existiendo una alta prevalencia de cepas de origen humano y aviar resistentes a quinolonas. Los genotipos y serotipos aviares no fueron encontrados en cepas de origen humano, lo que indica que podría existir otra fuente de infección, por lo que se requiere estudiar otros reservorios.

Bone remodeling is fundamental to orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.This clinically oriented overview relate bone responses to orthodontic forces with many factors. Molecules produced in various diseased tissues, or drugs and nutrients consumed regularly by patients, can reach the mechanically stressed paradental tissues through the circulation, and interact with local target cells. The combined effect of mechanical forces and one or more of these agents may be inhibitory, additive or synergistic. The objective of this review is to outline the mechanisms of action and effects of some commonly used drugs and other factors on tissue remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement.

El fenómeno de la remodelación ósea es fundamental tanto para ortodoncia como para la ortopedia dentofacial. Esta revisión clínica es sobre la relación de la actividad ósea desencadenada por las fuerzas ortodóncicas con diversos factores, como factores propios de los pacientes, moléculas producidas por tejidos enfermos, o drogas y nutrientes consumidas regularmente por los pacientes, los que pueden alcanzar los tejidos periodontales mecánicamente estresados por las fuerzas ortodóncicas a través de la circulación sanguínea, interactuando así con células blanco que producen la remodelación ósea necesaria para el movimiento dentario ortodóncico. El efecto combinado de estas fuerzas mecánicas con alguno de estos agentes pueden ser inhibitorio, aditivo o sinérgico. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los mecanismos de acción y los efectos de algunas de lasdrogas y otros factores sobre la remodelación del tejido óseo y el movimiento dentario ortodóncico.

Background: The genotyping of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) will improve knowledge about the local epidemiological association of this virus with adenocarcinoma. Aim: To determine the frequency of HPV genotypes in biopsies of women with uterine cervical adenocarcinoma in a geographic region of Chile. Materials and Methods: Forty-one cervical biopsies with a pathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, corresponding to all women diagnosed with this cancer between 2002 and 2004, were analyzed. Viral gene Ll was amplified by PCRfor viral detection. HPV genotyping was carried out by a Reverse Line Blot technique. Results: Seventy one percent of biopsies were positive for HPV. The most common genotypes found were HPV 16 (61%), followed by HPV 18 (19.5%). Eighty seven percent of biopsies had a single HPV infection. Three patients had a multiple HPV infection. All of the latter were infected by HPV 16, associated with other three viral genotypes (45, 52 and 66). No low-risk HPV genotypes were found. Conclusions: In this sample of biopsies, there was a high prevelence of HPV 16 and a low prevalence of HPV 18, which historically has been related to adenocarcinoma. The genotypes found correspond to those described in South America.

Background: Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases depends on host characteristics, environmental conditions and bacterial virulence factors, such as cagA, vacA y babA2 gene products. Moreover, peptic ulcer disease has been related with cagA+, vacAs1m1 strains, while metaplasia and gastric cancer has been associated to cagA+, vacAs1 and babA2+ H pylori strains. Gene babA2 has not yet been described in clinical isolates from Chilean patients. Aim: To investigate the presence of cagA, vacA (s and m) and babA2 genes in clinical isolates of H pylori from Chilean patients. Material and Methods: Sixty six isolates from 41 patients were genotyped by PCR, using primers for s1a, s1b, s2, m1, m2, cagA and babA2 genes as previously described. Results: cagA gene was detected in 16 isolates (24.2%) while vacAs1a, vacAs1b, vacAs2, vacAm1 and vacAm2 were detected in 28 (42.4%), 14 (21.2%), 17 (25.8%), 21 (31.8%) and 29 isolates (43.9%), respectively. One isolate (1.5%) was babA2 positive, being the first isolate with this genotype described in Chile. Besides the babA2+ genotype this clinical isolate also presented cagA+ and vacAs1a which has been related with metaplasia or gastric cancer. Five isolates showed an ulcerogenic profile cagA+, vacAs1m1. Conclusions: The results presented indicate the prevalence of vacAs1m1 genotype among the clinical isolates analyzed, and a low frequency of babA2 genotype (Rev Méd Chile 2006; 134: 981-8).

Background: The DNA quality for the detection and typification of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) varies according to the type of sample in which it is studied. This may affect the sensitivity and specificity of the method employed. Aim: To study the yield and specificity of HPV detection and typification in uterine cervical samples obtained by cervical brushing fresh frozen and formalin fixed tissue. Material and methods: Cytological, fresh frozen and fixed tissue samples from 44 patients (nine with low grade lesions and 35 with high grade lesions) were studied. Nested polymerase chain reaction for genes E6/E7 was used to typify HPV groups as low risk or high risk. Results: Of all the cytological samples obtained by brushing 84% of fixed samples and 43% of fresh frozen samples were positive for HPV. The yields were significantly different when comparing brushing with fixed tissue or fresh frozen tissue and fixed tissue with fresh frozen tissue (p <0.05). The frequency of high risk HPV fluctuated from 41% in fresh frozen tissue to 98% in cytological samples. Low risk HPV was detected in 16% of fresh frozen tissue and 68% of cytological samples. A mixed infection was detected in 66%, 41% and 14% of cytological, fresh frozen and fixed tissue samples respectively. Conclusions: Cytological samples obtained by brushing had the highest yield for the detection of cervical infection with HPV

Background: Uterine cervical cancer (UCC) is an important public health problem in Chile. Although HPV infection has been established as the main cause of UCC, little is known of its frequency and distribution in our population. Aim: To determine the presence and frequency of viral genotypes in uterine cervical specimens with preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Material and Methods: Two nested consensus PCRs followed by identification of amplified product by dot-blot hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to analyze 175 biopsies. Results: Detection of HPV was 40% in cases without histological lesion, 88% in low grade lesions, 89% in high grade lesions (HGL) and 93.5% in invasive carcinoma. Of all HPV positive cases, 89.5% were classified as high risk and only a 4.9% of HPV cases were of low risk type. Six percent of cases had multiple infections. Distribution of viral genotypes according to RFLP was: HPV33 (25.3%), 16 (18.7%), 52 (13.3%), 31 (12%), 35 (6.6%), 18 (2.7%). Conclusions: Most HPV found in biopsies with HGL and UCC were of high risk genotype. The elevated presence of high risk HPV in patients without cervical lesions may be a factor that explains the high percentage of UCC cases in our region. Most common viral types were: HPV16, 31, 33 and 52. Viral detection and typing may provide valuable information for patient selection and follow up and for allocation of resources (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1382-90).

A análise das folhas das plantas revelaram que a absorção de Mg e de K aumentaram com a concentração do elemento respectivo na solução. O Mg não interferiu na absorção do K nos tratamentos correspondentes à omissão e dose 2 deste nutriente; nos tratamentos correspondentes à dose 1, 48 p.p.m. de Mg nas, soluções nutritivas estimularam a absorção de K. O K inibiu a absprção de Mg nos tratamentos correspondentes às doses 0 e 2 deste elemento: quanto na presença da dose 1, 234, p.p.m. de K nas soluções nutritivas determinaram maior concentração de Mg nas folhas. O K teve ação antagônica sobre o Ca; o Mg teve efeito semelhante só quando na presença da dose mais elevada de K. Na ausência desse elemento ou na presença de 234 p.p.m. dele o efeito do Mg foi quadrático.

The present paper presents the results of a factorial experiment, Mg/K in hydroponic cultures in order to study the absorption on both elements by citrus trees. The treatments consisted of: Magnesium did not interfer with the content of K in the leaves when K was omitted or present in the nutrient solution at level 2 (704 p.p.m.). Magnesium in the nutrient solution (48 ppm) stimulated K absorption. Magnesium absorption was inhibited when K was present in the nutrient solution at levels 0 and 2. At level 1 (234 p.p.m. of K) there was an increase in Mg content in the leaves. Potassium-calcium antagonism was observed in all cases wheresas Mg-Ca antagonism was observed only the presence of higher levels of K. In the absence or presence 234 p.p.m. of K a quadratic effect of Mg was observed.

This paper deals with the variation of the ascorbic acid content in Natal orange as related to the type of rootstock and to the picking time. The determinations were carried out in the juice of fruits which had practically the same ratio total solids/acidity being selected only the highest values of such quotient. The results can be summaryzed as follows: 1. The rootstock has a significant influence on the vitamin C content of the scion; this influence shows two interesting aspects: first, the ascorbic acid contet itself varies as a function of the rootstock; among the three rootstocks studied the highest values were obtained on scion growing on Serra d'água orange; the lowest values were found in "limão rugoso" and "limão francês" was intermediate; the second point to be emphasyzed is the manner of variation of the ascorbic acid content in the different rootstocks: in the case of Serra d'água. the content decreases slowly whereas in "limão francês" the level remains nearly constant and suddenly falls down; finally in the case of "limão rugoso" the amount of ascorbic acid increases significantly to return to the primitive level. 2. The amount of ascorbic acid, not considering the rootstock influence, varies strongly as a function of harvesting time; for this reason the present factor must be borne in mind when sampling for the determination of ascorbic acid in orange is concerned.