Esta é a segunda parte de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos do álcool sobre os processos eletrofisiológicos em estudantes voluntários. A primeira parte mostrou que o álcool diminuiu o “Omitted Stimulus Potential” (OSP). Este trabalho estudou os efeitos do etanol sobre os parâmetros (ou seja, taxa de crescimento, amplitude e latência de pico) do componente P2 dos potenciais evocados (EPS) gerados por trens de estímulos auditivos. A hipótese aqui levantada é que, se ondas P2 e OSP compartilham alguns processos neurais comuns, então o álcool também deve afetar estes parâmetros específicos. Uma dose de 0,8 g / kg de álcool ou de um placebo (0 g / kg) foi administrada a dois grupos de 15 jovens que foram testados antes, e novamente após o tratamento. A mudança de pré-/pós-tratamento em cada uma das medições foi utilizada para avaliar os efeitos do tratamento. Os resultados mostraram que, em comparação com o placebo, o álcool reduziu a taxa de crescimento de P2 e reduziu sua amplitude, sem efeitos sobre o pico de latência. A taxa de crescimento é mais sensível ao álcool, porém mais resistente ao processo de adaptação. O álcool se assemelha ao modelo de inibição da resposta que atua contra a adaptação. A taxa de crescimento da P2 e as ondas OSP são afetadas pelo álcool de um modo semelhante, sugerindo mecanismos neurais semelhantes.

This is a second part of a research aimed to study the effects of alcohol on the electrophysiological processes in student volunteers. The first part showed that alcohol slowed the Omitted Stimulus Potential (OSP). This work studied the ethanol effects on the parameters (i.e. rate of rise, amplitude and peak latency) of the P2 component of the evoked potentials (EPs) yielded by trains of auditory stimuli. It is hypothesized here that if P2 and OSP waves share some common neural processes then alcohol should also affect these specific parameters. A dose of 0.8 g/kg of alcohol or a placebo (0 g/kg) was administered to two groups of 15 young men who were tested before and again after treatment. The pre-post treatment change in each of the measurements was used to assess the treatment effects. The results showed that compared to placebo, alcohol slowed the P2 rise rate and reduced its amplitude, with no effects on peak latency. The rise rate is more sensitive to alcohol but more resistant to the adaptation process. Alcohol resembles the response inhibition model acting against the adaptation. The rise rate of the P2 and the OSP waves are affected by alcohol in a similar fashion, suggesting similar neural generative mechanisms.

This study examined the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the production of biomass and metabolites with antimicrobial activity of Pseudoalteromonas sp cultured at 0, 150, 250, or 450 revolutions per minute (rev. min-1). Dissolved oxygen (D.O) was monitored during the fermentation process, biomass was quantified by dry weight, and antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method. The bacterium Pseudoalteromonas reached similar concentration of biomass under all experimental agitation conditions, whereas antimicrobial activity was detected at 0 and 150 rev. min-1 registering 0% and 12% of D.O respectively corresponding to microaerophilic conditions. Antibiotic activity was severely diminished when D.O was above 20% of saturation; this corresponded to 250 or 450 rev. min-1. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 80 kilodaltons (kDa) with antimicrobial activity. Pseudoalteromonas is capable of growing under oxic and microaerophilic conditions but the metabolites with antimicrobial activity are induced under microaerophilic conditions. The current opinion is that Pseudoalteromonas are aerobic organisms; we provide additional information on the amount of dissolved oxygen during the fermentation process and its effect on antimicrobial activity.

The prevalence of chronic Chagas' heart disease as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy is unknown in the State of Campeche, Mexico. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi in patients with clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Of a total of 127 patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy, we studied 91 with two positive serological tests for T. cruzi. We identified 14 positive cases for a prevalence of 15 % of chronic Chagas' heart disease. This prevalence is similar to that reported for the rest of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Se desconoce la prevalencia de cardiopatía chagásica crónica como causa de miocardiopatía dilatada en el estado de Campeche, por lo que se decidió estudiar la prevalencia de serología positiva para Trypanosoma cruzi en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de miocardiopatía dilatada. De un total de 127 enfermos diagnosticados con miocardiopatía dilatada, se estudiaron 91 con dos pruebas serológicas positivas para Trypanosoma cruzi. Se identificaron 14 casos positivos para una prevalencia de cardiopatía chagásica crónica de 15%. Esta prevalencia es similar a la informada para el resto de la península de Yucatán.

Currently there is a need for new antibiotics with an alternative mode of action and new chemical structures. Bacterial pathogens are gradually becoming more resistant to conventional antibiotics, generating an emergence of infectious diseases and they are becoming a great problem in the field of public health. In this study, seven different isolated bacteria were obtained from offshore seawater and sediment of the Gulf of Mexico from Campeche, Mexico. They were substance producers which inhibit growth of human pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one of them was a polymer producer on peptone and glucose culture. They were characterized phenotipically by means of morphological techniques and physiologically by conventional tests. Four of them were Gram-positive bacteria and the Scanning Electron Microscope analysis revealed their size between 0.6 - 1.5 µm. One of seven marine strains, Gram negative, yellow pigmented, slightly curved rods, was identified as Pseudoalteromonas sp. on the analysis of the gen16S rRNA sequence.

Hoy en día existe la necesidad de encontrar antibióticos con nuevas estructuras químicas y modos de acción alternativos. Se ha observado que bacterias patógenas comunes progresivamente desarrollan resistencia al tratamiento con antibióticos tradicionales, surgiendo y resurgiendo enfermedades infecciosas que generan un gran problema en salud pública. En este estudio, se obtuvieron siete colonias bacterianas pigmentadas de agua de mar y de sedimento marino procedente de las costas de Campeche, México. Las colonias aisladas produjeron sustancias que inhibieron el crecimiento de bacterias patógenas a humanos como Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Las bacterias marinas fueron caracterizadas fenotípicamente de acuerdo a su morfología microscópica y por pruebas fisiológicas convencionales. Cuatro de los aislados resultaron ser bacterias Gram positivas y las otras tres fueron Gram negativas. Cuando se observaron por microscopía electrónica de barrido, su tamaño aproximado fue entre 0,6 - 1,5 µm. Uno de los aislados fue una colonia amarilla con bacilos cortos Gram negativos y ligeramente curvos, identificado por la secuencia del gen16S rRNA como Pseudoalteromonas sp.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence and associated factors, of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi Ab) among blood donors living in rural and suburban areas and risk regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2003, in 2489 blood donors of seven regions of Puebla, who were evaluated for mandatory viral and T. cruzi serological tests using validated procedures RESULTS: The seroprevalence for T. cruzi Ab was 1.24% (31/2489), similar to hepatitis C (HVC) (1.5%) and higher than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (0.4%) and hepatitis B (HVB) (0.3%). The highest seroprevalences were observed in the regions of Tehuacan-Sierra Negra and Mixteca, up to 2.6%, while in Sierra nororiental and Angelopolis no positive blood donors were identified. A positive association was observed between seropositivity and being older than forty years and being born and raised in Tehuacan-Sierra Negra and Mixteca. CONCLUSIONS: T.cruzi seroprevalence distribution is heterogeneous, from 0% to 2.6%, with higher seroprevalences in the regions of Tehuacan-Sierra Negra and Mixteca.

OBJETIVO: Identificar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti Trypanosoma cruzi (Ac anti-T. cruzi) en donadores de sangre que habitan en ámbito rural y suburbano, así como las regiones del estado de mayor riesgo y factores asociados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado de enero a diciembre de 2003. Se analizaron 2 489 donadores de sangre reclutados en 10 puestos de sangrado del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) distribuidos en las siete regiones económicas del estado de Puebla, México. Se determinó la seroprevalencia mediante las pruebas serológicas obligatorias del panel viral y, además, para T. cruzi, región de reclutamiento y de origen de los donadores. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia de Ac anti-T. cruzi fue de 1.24% (31/2 489) comparable con la obtenida para el virus de la hepatitis C (1.5%) y por arriba de la del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (0.4%) y del antígeno de superficie del virus de la hepatitis B (0.3%). Las regiones de Tehuacán-Sierra Negra y Mixteca fueron las de mayor riesgo con seroprevalencias, por el origen del donador, de 2.6% para T. cruzi, mientras que en los originarios de las regiones Sierra nororiental y Angelópolis no se detectaron casos positivos. Se observó asociación entre ser seropositivo y mayor de 40 años y ser originario de las regiones de Tehuacán-Sierra Negra y Mixteca. CONCLUSIONES: La distribución de seroprevalencia a T. cruzi es heterogénea, oscila desde 0% hasta 2.6%, y se reconoce a Tehuacán-Sierra Negra y Mixteca como las regiones de mayor riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence and associated factors, of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi Ab) among blood donors living in rural and suburban areas and risk regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2003, in 2489 blood donors of seven regions of Puebla, who were evaluated for mandatory viral and T. cruzi serological tests using validated procedures RESULTS: The seroprevalence for T. cruzi Ab was 1.24% (31/2489), similar to hepatitis C (HVC) (1.5%) and higher than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (0.4%) and hepatitis B (HVB) (0.3%). The highest seroprevalences were observed in the regions of Tehuacan-Sierra Negra and Mixteca, up to 2.6%, while in Sierra nororiental and Angelopolis no positive blood donors were identified. A positive association was observed between seropositivity and being older than forty years and being born and raised in Tehuacan-Sierra Negra and Mixteca. CONCLUSIONS: T.cruzi seroprevalence distribution is heterogeneous, from 0% to 2.6%, with higher seroprevalences in the regions of Tehuacan-Sierra Negra and Mixteca.

OBJETIVO: Identificar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti Trypanosoma cruzi (Ac anti-T. cruzi) en donadores de sangre que habitan en ámbito rural y suburbano, así como las regiones del estado de mayor riesgo y factores asociados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado de enero a diciembre de 2003. Se analizaron 2 489 donadores de sangre reclutados en 10 puestos de sangrado del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) distribuidos en las siete regiones económicas del estado de Puebla, México. Se determinó la seroprevalencia mediante las pruebas serológicas obligatorias del panel viral y, además, para T. cruzi, región de reclutamiento y de origen de los donadores. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia de Ac anti-T. cruzi fue de 1.24% (31/2 489) comparable con la obtenida para el virus de la hepatitis C (1.5%) y por arriba de la del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (0.4%) y del antígeno de superficie del virus de la hepatitis B (0.3%). Las regiones de Tehuacán-Sierra Negra y Mixteca fueron las de mayor riesgo con seroprevalencias, por el origen del donador, de 2.6% para T. cruzi, mientras que en los originarios de las regiones Sierra nororiental y Angelópolis no se detectaron casos positivos. Se observó asociación entre ser seropositivo y mayor de 40 años y ser originario de las regiones de Tehuacán-Sierra Negra y Mixteca. CONCLUSIONES: La distribución de seroprevalencia a T. cruzi es heterogénea, oscila desde 0% hasta 2.6%, y se reconoce a Tehuacán-Sierra Negra y Mixteca como las regiones de mayor riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between seroprevalence for antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi and its relationship with biotic and abiotic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2000 and September 2001. The study population consisted of a simple random sample of 390 volunteers residing in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. Sample and data collection procedures included assaying antibodies against T cruzi with validated assays, and searching for domestic reservoirs and triatomine bugs. The relationship between biotic and abiotic factors with seropositivity was assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kappa values for diagnostic tests; statistical significance was assessed with 2 x 2 tables, chi-squared test with Yates' correction, Fisher exact test, and odds ratios. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of T cruzi infection in humans was 4%; in domestic reservoirs (horses, pigs, and dogs) only 10% of canine reservoirs were positive. Vector species recognized were T barberi and T pallidipennis, with a Dispersion Area Index and a Colonization Index of 55% and 40%, respectively. The most important risk factors associated with positive serology were altitude (>2 150 y <2 180 meters above sea level), presence of triatomines, age, time of residence, and participation in a social assistance program. CONCLUSIONS: T cruzi infection was identified in human beings, vectors, and possibly in domestic reservoirs, in communities located over 2 000 meters above sea level.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi y su relación con los factores bióticos y abióticos en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal efectuado en agosto de 2000 a septiembre de 2001, con una muestra aleatoria simple de 390 voluntarios residentes en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Se hizo determinación de anticuerpos contra T cruzi con técnicas serológicas validadas, búsqueda del vector y de reservorios domésticos, así como determinación de asociación entre caso positivo y factores de riesgo bióticos y abióticos. El análisis estadístico consistió en índice Kappa para las pruebas diagnósticas, empleando tabla de contingencia de 2 x 2; ji cuadrada corregida de Yates, exacta de Fisher y la razón de posibilidad para estimar la significancia de la asociación de factores bióticos y abióticos. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia fue de 4% en la población humana estudiada y de los reservorios (equinos, porcinos y caninos), sólo 10% de los caninos resultaron reactivos. Los vectores identificados fueron T barberi y T pallidipennis, con índice de dispersión e índice de colonización de 55 y 40%, respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo más importantes fueron la altitud (>2 150 y <2 180 metros sobre el nivel del mar), los años de residencia, el pertenecer a un programa de asistencia social, la presencia de triatóminos y la edad. CONCLUSIONES: En localidades ubicadas a una altitud mayor a los 2 000 metros sobre el nivel del mar se reconocieron vectores infectados con T cruzi, casos humanos y probablemente reservorios domésticos.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between seroprevalence for antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi and its relationship with biotic and abiotic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2000 and September 2001. The study population consisted of a simple random sample of 390 volunteers residing in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. Sample and data collection procedures included assaying antibodies against T cruzi with validated assays, and searching for domestic reservoirs and triatomine bugs. The relationship between biotic and abiotic factors with seropositivity was assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kappa values for diagnostic tests; statistical significance was assessed with 2 x 2 tables, chi-squared test with Yates' correction, Fisher exact test, and odds ratios. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of T cruzi infection in humans was 4%; in domestic reservoirs (horses, pigs, and dogs) only 10% of canine reservoirs were positive. Vector species recognized were T barberi and T pallidipennis, with a Dispersion Area Index and a Colonization Index of 55% and 40%, respectively. The most important risk factors associated with positive serology were altitude (>2 150 y <2 180 meters above sea level), presence of triatomines, age, time of residence, and participation in a social assistance program. CONCLUSIONS: T cruzi infection was identified in human beings, vectors, and possibly in domestic reservoirs, in communities located over 2 000 meters above sea level.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi y su relación con los factores bióticos y abióticos en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal efectuado en agosto de 2000 a septiembre de 2001, con una muestra aleatoria simple de 390 voluntarios residentes en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Se hizo determinación de anticuerpos contra T cruzi con técnicas serológicas validadas, búsqueda del vector y de reservorios domésticos, así como determinación de asociación entre caso positivo y factores de riesgo bióticos y abióticos. El análisis estadístico consistió en índice Kappa para las pruebas diagnósticas, empleando tabla de contingencia de 2 x 2; ji cuadrada corregida de Yates, exacta de Fisher y la razón de posibilidad para estimar la significancia de la asociación de factores bióticos y abióticos. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia fue de 4% en la población humana estudiada y de los reservorios (equinos, porcinos y caninos), sólo 10% de los caninos resultaron reactivos. Los vectores identificados fueron T barberi y T pallidipennis, con índice de dispersión e índice de colonización de 55 y 40%, respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo más importantes fueron la altitud (>2 150 y <2 180 metros sobre el nivel del mar), los años de residencia, el pertenecer a un programa de asistencia social, la presencia de triatóminos y la edad. CONCLUSIONES: En localidades ubicadas a una altitud mayor a los 2 000 metros sobre el nivel del mar se reconocieron vectores infectados con T cruzi, casos humanos y probablemente reservorios domésticos.

Background: The asnti-Trypanosoma cruzi anti-Vodies isotype profile in Chagas' disesse has been studied in relation to different clinical manifestations. A high titer of IgR anti-T cruzi antibodies is found in patients with cardiac involvement, while a high titer of IgA anti-T cruzi antibodies is associated with digestive forms. Objective: The aim of this work was to analyze the IgR subclass reactivity of anti-T cruzi antibodies in patients with chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Methods: Twelve consecutive chagasic patients were analyzed for IgR subclass reactivity to a T. cruzi antigenic extract. They had a complete clinical evaluation, periphersl EKR, echocardiography, left ventriculogram, and coronariography. Results: All patients came from rural areas of Mexico and had lived in endemic zones for over seven years. They presented left ventricular end-systolic dimension above 42 mm in 58% (7/12) and ejection fraction below 50% in 58% (7/12). We found that IgR1 asnd IgR2 anti-T cruzi antibodies showed higher titer than IgR3 antibodies, with consistently low titer of IgR4 antibodies. Expression of the four IgR subclasses of anti-T. cruzi antibodies suggest a mixed Th1/Th2-like immune response under a probably continuous chronic antigenic stimulation. On the other hand, high levels of IgR2 anti-T cruzi antibodies showed a tendency to be associated with severe cardiomegaly. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a mixed Th1/Th2-like immune response may take place in chronic chagasic patients under a chronic antigenic stimulation.

La respuesta humoral anti-Trypanosoma cruzi y el isotipo de inmunoglobulina presente en individuos con enfermedad de Chagas se ha estudiado en relación con las distintas manifestaciones clínicas. Se ha encontrado que títulos altos de IgR anti-T. cruzi específicos estan preferentemente presentes en pacientes con daño cardiaco, mientras que en la forma digestiva es la IgA anti-T. cruzi. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron 12 pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas Todos ellos tenían una evaluación clínica completa y estudios electrocardiográfico, ecocardiográfico, ventriculograma y coronariografía, además del estudio serológico de detección de anticuerpos IgR anti-T cruzi. En ellos se analizó el perfil de subclases de IgR anti-T cruzi. Todos los pacientes provenían de áreas rurales de México y algunos habían vivido allí siete o hasta 65 años. En 7/12 (58%) de ellos presentaron dilatación ventricular izquierda con una dimensión final sistólica por arriba de 42 mm y con una fracción de expulsión por abajo del 50% en 7/12 (58%). Los títulos de anticuerpos de IgR1 e IgR2 anti-T. cruzi fueron más altos que los de IgR3, mientras que los niveles de IgR4 anti-T cruzi, si bien fueron positivos, resultaron ser consistetemente los más bajos. La expresión de las cuatro subclases de IgR anti-T cruzi sugiere que se induce una respuesta mixta tipo Th1/Th2 en estos pacientes chagásicos crónicos. Aunque el tamaño de muestra estudiado es pequeño, encontramos que los niveles altos de IgR2 anti-T. cruz presentaban una tendencia a asociarse con el grado de cardiomegalia.

American trypanosomosis was described in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico in 1936, and is probably endemic in rural areas. However, there is no information regarding chronic disease in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, previous to this report. Objective: To identify the prevalence of American trypanosomosis and its consequences, such as the chronic chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) among patients who were evaluated by the cardiology service in two general hospitals in Salina Cruz in the state of Oaxaca which is the main city of the Tehuantepec Region. Material and Methods: Consecutive patients referred to the two cardiology services were identified as primary dilated myocardiopathy after a complete clinical and epidemiological history, chest roengentgram, EKG and echocardiogram. Blood was obtained through venipuncture and samples were studied for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies using validated indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot assays. Results: Over a two period in which 540 cardiologic patients were examined, 16 (2.4% cases) of primary dilated cardiomyopathy were diagnosed and 13 (81%) of these were seropositive for anti-T. cruzi and therefore, fulfilled epidemiological and clinical criteria for chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). Conclusions: American trypanosomosis and CCC were diagnosed in cases of dilated cardiomiopathy within a geographical area where, there is an important distribution of triatomine bugs infected and Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection caused a progressive heart disease in this population exposed to insect vectors due to poor housing and sanitary conditions. The present study points out the need for further epidemiological studies in the Tehuantepec region.

La tripanosomosis americana (TA) fue descrita en México en el estado de Oaxaca, probablemente es endémica en zonas rurales. Antes de este informe no se conocían casos de cardiopatía chagásica crónica en el Istmo de Tehuantepec. Objetivo: Identificar pacientes con TA entre los que acuden a consulta de cardiología y establecer diagnóstico de miocardiopatía dilatada (MD). Material y métodos: Pacientes consecutivos que en el período de enero de 1995 a septiembre de 1997 fueron clasificados como MD. Se realizó historia clínica con anamnesis epidemiológica, serie cardíaca, ECG y ecocardiograma, además se estudió el suero en busca de anticuerpos IgG anti T. cruzi (inmunofluorescencia, ELISA y electroinmunotransferencia). Resultados: En 540 consultas se encontraron 16 (2.4%) casos de MD, 13 de éstos (81%) tienen anticuerpos anti T. cruzi. Todos vienen de medio rural pobre, tienen insuficiencia cardíaca global y/o trastornos del ritmo o conducción e hipocinesia. El diagnóstico de cardiopatía chagásica crónica (CCC) se estableció sin dificultad. Conclusiones: La TA y su consecuencia de la CCC se encontraron con frecuencia en una población seleccionada en la consulta de cardiología de 2 Hospitales Generales en Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Es necesario estudiar adecuadamente la situación epidemiológica en el Istmo de Tehuantepec en relación a TA.