Resumen El movimiento migratorio venezolano es uno de los fenómenos de mayor movilidad humana en América Latina. El objeto de estudio es develar los anhelos de la población venezolana que se encuentra en condición de inmigrante entre Cúcuta y Villa del Rosario, municipios del departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. La metodología empleada se centró en la investigación cualitativa a través de la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de la información se realizó con la teoría fundamentada y el software Atlas.Ti. Entre los hallazgos surgieron cuatro categorías: los anhelos de seguridad, anhelos de documentos e identidad, anhelos sociales y anhelos de movilidad. Estos resultados aportaron en la construcción de un perfil para este grupo de inmigrantes. En conclusión, se logró caracterizar los anhelos de los inmigrantes como insumo para el diseño de políticas públicas que permitan satisfacer las necesidades humanas.

Abstract The Venezuelan migratory movement is one of the greatest human mobility phenomena in Latin America. The object of the study is to reveal the desires of the Venezuelan population that is in immigrant status between Cúcuta and Villa del Rosario in the Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia. The methodology used focused on qualitative research through the application of semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the information was carried out with grounded theory and the Atlas.Ti software. Among the findings, four categories emerged: yearning for security, documents and identity, social yearnings and yearning for mobility. These results contributed to constructing a profile for this group of immigrants. In conclusion, it was possible to characterize immigrants’ desires as an input for designing public policies that allows to satisfy human needs.

Resumen: El cultivo agroindustrial de palma de aceite ha sido considerado en diversas partes del mundo y por varios gobiernos nacionales y regionales de Colombia como una apuesta productiva de desarrollo y competitividad. No obstante, su promoción, resultados y efectos deben ser cotejados a la luz de la nueva agenda de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 2030, y con ello encaminar sus principales beneficios en función del desarrollo sostenible. Con fundamento en lo anterior, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo estimar el nivel de desarrollo sostenible del cultivo agroindustrial de palma de aceite en Norte de Santander. Para ello, en primer lugar, a partir de las cuatro dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible se caracterizan las Unidades de Producción Agrícola (UPA) palmicultoras del departamento; y en segundo lugar, mediante el Índice Multidimensional de Desarrollo Sostenible (IMDS) se estima el nivel de desarrollo sostenible de cada UPA. Los resultados sugieren que la actividad no parece ofrecer condiciones que promuevan un desarrollo con crecimiento económico próspero, que sea socialmente incluyente y ambientalmente sostenible en el marco de la buena gobernanza; es decir, la actividad no promueve integralmente el desarrollo sostenible para los palmicultores de Norte de Santander. Clasificación JEL: 01, P28, Q01, Q56, Q57.

Abstract The agro-industrial farming of oil palm has been considered in various parts of the world and by several national and regional governments of Colombia, as a productive commitment to development and competitiveness. However, its promotion, results and effects must be compared in light of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and thereby direct its main benefits in terms of sustainable development. Based on the above, this research aims to estimate the level of sustainable development of the agro-industrial cultivation of oil palm in Norte de Santander. For this, first of all, from the four dimensions of sustainable development, the Agricultural Production Units (UPA, by its acronym in Spanish) of palm growers of the state are characterized; and secondly, the level of sustainable development of each UPA is estimated by the Multidimensional Index of Sustainable Development (MISD). The results suggest that the activity does not seem to offer conditions that promote development with prosperous economic growth, which could be socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable within the framework of good governance; in other words, the activity does not fully promote sustainable development for the palm growers of Norte de Santander.

RESUMEN Este trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento de las nuevas dinámicas de la movilidad de los grupos poblacionales de venezolanos que llegan a Cúcuta y Villa del Rosario. Siguiendo una metodología cuantitativa, se desarrolla una estimación de la probabilidad de satisfacción con el territorio al que se migra a partir de un modelo de regresión de respuesta cualitativo logístico. En la investigación se observa que el empleo, la jefatura del hogar y las horas trabajadas son las variables más influyentes en la satisfacción de los migrantes. Para el caso de las ayudas recibidas por esta población, se identifica que su incidencia es mayor cuando se complementa con empleo. Las mujeres en general son las más satisfechas, en especial las jefes de hogar. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL O15, 131, C19 CONTENIDO Introducción; 1. Revisión de literatura; 2. Metodología; 3. Resultados; 4. Conclusiones; Referencias.

ABSTRACT This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the new dynamics of mobility of the population groups of Venezuelans arriving in Cúcuta and Villa del Rosario. Following a quantitative methodology an estimation of the probability of satisfaction with the territory to which one migrates is developed based on a qualitative logistic response regression model. The research shows that employment, head of household and hours worked are the most influential variables in migrant satisfaction. In the case of benefits received by this population, it is identified that their incidence is greater when complemented by employment. Women in general are the most satisfied, especially heads of household. JEL CLASSIFICATION O15, I31, C19 CONTENT Introduction; 1. Literature review; 2. Methodology; 3. Results; 4. Conclusions; References

RESUMO Este documento pretende contribuir para o conhecimento da nova dinâmica da mobilidade dos grupos populacionais venezuelanos que chegam a Cúcuta e Villa del Rosario. Seguindo uma metodologia quantitativa, é desenvolvida uma estimativa da probabilidade de satisfação com o território para onde migram a partir de um modelo de regressão de resposta logística qualitativa. A investigação mostra que o emprego, o chefe de família e as horas trabalhadas são as variáveis mais influentes na satisfação dos migrantes. No caso da ajuda recebida por esta população, é identificado que a sua incidência é maior quando é complementada com emprego. As mulheres em geral são as mais satisfeitas, especialmente as mulheres chefes de família. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL O15, I31, C19 CONTEÚDO Introdução; 1. revisão da literatura; 2. metodologia; 3. resultados; 4. Conclusões; Referências.

RESUMO Verificou-se, neste estudo, o efeito residual de dejeto líquido de suíno aplicado em pastagem de grama-tapete comum (Axonopus affinis) durante dois anos (setembro 2008 a março 2010), por meio da avaliação da produção de matéria seca e da absorção do nitrogênio na forragem, no período subsequente (outubro 2010 a maio 2011). Um experimento no campo foi realizado em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de dejeto (102, 204, 306, 408 e 510 m3 ha-1 por dois anos), ausência de adubação nitrogenada (tratamento-controle) e uma dose de nitrogênio mineral (1.250 kg ha-1 de nitrato de amônio, por dois anos). A pastagem foi cortada em intervalos de 48, 34, 43 e 69 dias, que corresponderam a 266, 300, 343 e 412 dias após a última aplicação dos fertilizantes, respectivamente. A taxa de produção de matéria seca aumentou em 398 kg ha-1 para cada 100 m3 do dejeto de suínos previamente aplicados, equivalente a 317 e 564 kg ha-1 para cada 100 kg ha-1 da forma inorgânica ou orgânica de nitrogênio, respectivamente. O efeito residual do dejeto líquido de suínos na produção de matéria seca variou de 11 a 45% e na absorção do nitrogênio da forragem variou de 8 a 40%, indicando liberação gradual ou disponibilidade do N no dejeto, o que contribuiria para a redução das quantidades de nitrogênio a serem aplicadas na pastagem.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the residual effects of pig slurry (PS) applied to common carpet grass pasture (Axonopus affinis) for two years (September 2008-March 2010) on dry matter yield and forage-nitrogen uptake from October 2010-May 2011. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were 102, 204, 306, 408, and 510 m3 ha-1 pig slurry applied for two years; one mineral nitrogen rate (1,250 kg ha-1 ammonium nitrate) for two years; and no nitrogen fertilization (control). The pasture was cut at intervals of 48, 34, 43 and 69 days, which corresponded to 266, 300, 343, and 412 days after the last fertilizer application, respectively. Dry matter yield increased by 398 kg ha-1 for each 100 m3 of PS applied, the equivalent of 317 and 564 kg ha-1 for each 100 kg ha-1 of inorganic and organic N applied, respectively. The residual effect of PS on dry matter yield and forage-nitrogen uptake ranged from 11-45% and 8-40%, respectively, indicating a gradual release and availability of N in PS, which can help reduce the amounts of nitrogen applied to pasture.

Abstract This article analyzes the debate over the origins of the Great Recession in the United States. The author analyzes three perspectives: the first is the position spearheaded by John B. Taylor, who proposes the Great Deviation. The second is that of Alan Greenspan, Donald L. Khon, Ben S. Bernanke, Frederic S. Mishkin, and Lars E. O. Svensson, who attribute the crisis to a global imbalance between savings and investment. The third is the point of view of Robert Hetzel, Anna Schwartz, and Alan Meltzer, well-known inheritors of the monetarist tradition, who all accuse the authorities of having provoked the crisis and implemented the wrong responses. In conclusion, the author presents the opinion of two Nobel Prize winners in economics, Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el debate que existe en torno de los orígenes de la Gran Recesión de Estados Unidos. El autor aborda tres perspectivas: la primera es la posición encabezada por John B. Taylor, quien habla acerca de una “Gran Desviación”. La segunda es la que proponen Alan Greenspan, Donald L. Khon, Ben S. Bernanke, Frederic S. Mishkin y Lars E. O. Svensson, quienes atribuyen la crisis a un desequilibrio global entre ahorros e inversión. Y la tercera se refiere al punto de vista de Robert Hetzel, Anna Schwartz, and Alan Meltzer, conocidos herederos de la tradición monetarista, quienes acusan a las autoridades de haber provocado la crisis e implementar soluciones erróneas. Para concluir, el autor presenta la opinión de dos premios Nobel en Economía: Paul Krugman y Joseph Stiglitz.

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la informalidad laboral desde un contexto regional, que abarca los departamentos de las zonas de frontera, mediante una metodología de tipo no paramétrico y otra de corte paramétrico. Dentro de la metodología no paramétrica se usa la elasticidad arco y en la paramétrica se utiliza el método de datos de panel. Los resultados muestran una relación positiva entre la participación del PIB industrial, el coeficiente de Gini, la pobreza monetaria y la informalidad laboral para los departamentos objeto de análisis.

The article aims to analyze labor informality from a regional context including the states of border areas, through two kinds of methodology: non-parametric and parametric. Within the non-parametric methodology it is used the arc elasticity and in the parametric it is used panel data method. The results show a positive relationship between the participation of industrial GDP, the Gini coefficient, the monetary poverty and informal work for the states under review.

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar a informalidade do traballio a partir de um contexto regional, que inclui os departamentos das áreas de fronteira, mediante uma metodologia de tipo paramétrica e outra de corte paramétrico. Dentro da metodologia não-paramétrica se usa a elasticidade arco e na paramétrica utiliza-se o método de dados de painel. Os resultados mostram uma relação positiva entre a parcela do PIB industrial, o coeficiente de Gini, a pobreza monetària e do traballio informal para os departamentos em análise.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou a resposta da grama-tapete à aplicação de dejeto líquido de suíno para determinar a eficiência agronômica e estimar a disponibilidade de nitrogênio desse esterco. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo durante dois anos, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 kg N ha-1 ano-1, o que resultou em 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 m3 ha-1 ano-1 (2008/2009) e em 0, 42, 84, 126, 168 e 210 m3 ha-1 ano-1 (2009-2010), de acordo com o conteúdo de nitrogênio do dejeto utilizado em cada ano. Esses tratamentos foram comparados com o nitrato de amônio (200 kg N ha-1 ano-1). A produção de matéria seca em resposta às doses do dejeto líquido de suíno foi linear. Em 2008/2009 a matéria seca variou de 2.600 (0 kg N ha-1) a 7.718 kg ha-1 (500 kg N ha-1), e em 2009-2010, oscilou entre 4.310 (0 kg N ha-1) e 12.321 kg ha-1 (500 kg N ha-1). A eficiência agronômica média do dejeto foi de 15 kg MS kg-1 N e inferior à obtida com o nitrato de amônio (27 kg MS kg-1 N). A quantidade de N disponível do dejeto variou pouco entre os anos. A fração de N disponibilizada desse esterco para a pastagem foi de 0,64 (2008-09) e de 0,60 (2009-10).

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the response of carpet grass to pig slurry fertilization in order to estimate the agronomic efficiency and the plant-available nitrogen (N) of such manure. A field test was conducted during two years, following a randomized block design with six replicates of the treatments: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha-1 year-1, which resulted in 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 m3 ha-1 (2008/09), and 0, 42, 84, 126, 168 and 210 m3 ha-1 (2009/10), according to the N content of the pig slurry used in each year. These treatments were compared with ammonium nitrate (200 kg N ha-1 year-1), in order to estimate the plant-available nitrogen of the manure for the pasture. Pig slurry doses increased linearly the dry matter yield. In 2008/2009, it was increased from 2,600 (0 kg N ha-1) to 7,718 kg ha-1 (500 kg N ha-1), while in 2009-2010 it ranged from 4,310 (0 kg N ha-1) to 12,321 kg ha-1 (500 kg N ha-1). The average agronomic efficiency of the manurewas 15 kg DM kg-1 N and it was lower than that found with ammonium nitrate (27 kg DM kg-1 N).The estimated plant-available N of the pig slurry was similar between the growing years. The N fraction of this manure available to the pasture was 0.64 (2008-09) and 0.60 (2009-10).

Abstract Per se, financial inclusion cannot alleviate poverty, but efficient financial services (credit and deposits) facilitate the adoption of advanced production technologies, which generate higher expected incomes. We develop and solve dynamic, stochastic, infinite-horizon models that show that inclusion in the market for deposits (or loans) does not guarantee higher incomes for the poorest. We identify initial wealth levels (consumption thresholds), where households do not demand deposits (or do not reduce their indebtedness). Absence of demand for deposit facilities (or the use of credit for consumption smoothing only) does not allow financial inclusion to impact household incomes. Once the consumption threshold is reached, household wealth must still increase to reach the adoption threshold. During this transition, financial services are a tool for risk management. With enough wealth, at the adoption threshold, the accumulated deposit (or loan) is used for investment in advanced production technologies. This has implications for the design of financial inclusion policies for different target populations. Financial inclusion is necessary, but not sufficient, for poverty alleviation.

Resumen La inclusión financiera per se no es capaz de aliviar la pobreza, pero servicios financieros (crédito y depósitos) eficientes facilitan la adopción de tecnologías de producción avanzadas, que generan mayores ingresos esperados. Proponemos y resolvemos modelos dinámicos, estocásticos, de horizonte infinito, que muestran que la inclusión en el mercado de depósitos (o de crédito) no garantiza mayores ingresos entre las poblaciones más pobres. Identificamos niveles iniciales de riqueza (umbrales de consumo) donde los hogares no demandan depósitos (o no disminuyen sus niveles de endeudamiento). La ausencia de demanda de servicios de depósito (o el uso del crédito sólo para estabilizar consumo) impide que la inclusión financiera impacte los ingresos del hogar. Cuando el umbral de consumo es rebasado, la riqueza del hogar todavía debe aumentar hasta alcanzar el umbral adopción. Durante esta transición, los servicios financieros son una herramienta de administración de riesgo. Cuando el nivel de riqueza es suficientemente alto, en el umbral de adopción, el depósito acumulado (o el crédito) es utilizado para invertir en tecnologías más avanzadas. Esto tiene implicaciones en el diseño de políticas de inclusión financiera para diferentes poblaciones meta. La inclusión financiera es necesaria, pero no suficiente, para el alivio de la pobreza.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy and HIV are diseases that have a major impact on public health in Brazil. Patients coinfected with both diseases, appear to be at higher risk to develop leprosy reactions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the histopathological aspects of cutaneous lesions during reactional states in a group of patients with HIV-leprosy coinfection, compared to patients with leprosy, without coinfection. METHODS: Two groups were established: group 1 comprised of 40 patients coinfected with HIV-leprosy; group 2, comprised of 107 patients with leprosy only. Patients presenting reactional states of leprosy had their lesions biopsied and comparatively evaluated. RESULTS: Reversal reaction was the most frequent feature in both groups, with dermis edema as the most common histopathological finding. Giant cells were seen in all group 1 histopathological examinations. Dermis edema was the most common finding in patients with erythema nodosum leprosum. CONCLUSION: Few histopathological differences were found in both groups, with reversal reaction as the most significant one, although this fact should be analyzed considering the predominant BT clinical form in the coinfected group and BB form in the group without HIV. Larger prospective studies in patients with HIV-leprosy coinfection are needed to confirm and broaden these results.

A morfogênese da grama-missioneira-gigante (Axonopus jesuticus x A. scoparius) tirar itálico dos parentes foi avaliada neste estudo em resposta à aplicação de doses de 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200m³ ha-1ano-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos, calculadas para suprir 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500kg de N ha-1ano-1, respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado no campo, em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2010-2011. As doses foram fracionadas em quatro aplicações, após os cortes da pastagem, durante a estação de crescimento da gramínea. As avaliações morfogenéticas ocorreram semanalmente entre 26/10/2010 e 07/12/2010 (primavera), 14/12/2010 e 11/01/2011 (final da primavera/início do verão), 18/01/2011 e 07/02/2011 (verão), e 15/02/2011 e 21/03/2011 (final do verão). As taxas de senescência foliar, alongamento foliar e alongamento do pseudocolmo, a altura do dossel e do pseudocolmo, o comprimento de lâmina foliar e o afilhamento foram incrementados como resultado da fertilização. A aplicação de dejetos de suínos como fonte de nitrogênio altera o fluxo de tecido de grama-missioneira-gigante, o que requer atenção ao manejo da pastagem para maximizar a eficiência de uso da forragem e prevenir perdas por senescência.

The morphogenesis of giant missionary grass (Axonopus jesuticus x A. scoparius) was evaluated in this study in response to the application of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200m³ ha-1year-1 of pig slurry, calculated to provide 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500kg N ha-1year-1, respectively. The experiment was carried out in the field, at Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2010-2011. The doses were fractioned in four applications, performed after the pasture cuttings, during the growth season of the grass. Morphogenetic evaluations were performed weekly between 10/26/2010 and 12/07/2010 (spring), 12/14/2010 and 01/11/2011 (late spring/early summer), 01/18/2011 and 02/07/2011 (summer), and 02/15/2011 and 03/21/2011 (late summer). The leaf senescence, leaf elongation, and pseudoculm elongation rates, canopy and pseudoculm heights, leaf blade length, and tillering increased because of fertilization. The application of pig slurry as a source of nitrogen alters the tissue flow of giant missionary grass, which requires attention to pasture management in order to maximize the efficiency of forage use and to prevent losses of herbage by leaf senescence.

Psoriasiform Keratosis is a rare clinic entity. The etiopathogenesis remains unknown and the disease is characterized by a solitary, scaly or keratotic papule, or plaque mainly located on the extremities. Histopathological features closely resemble those of psoriasis. We report the case of a 70-year-old woman presenting a solitary and asymptomatic keratotic plaque, located on the back of the left leg, unresponsive to topical corticosteroids. We performed an excisional biopsy and histopathology was consistent with psoriasiform keratosis.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfogênese da grama-tapete (Axonopus affinis) adubada durante dois anos com dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS). Na média de dois anos, foram aplicados 0, 51, 102, 153, 204 e 255m³ de DLS ha-1, calculados para prover 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500kg de N/ha/ano, respetivamente. A morfogênese foi avaliada na primavera e verão de 2008-2009 e 2009-2010, considerando-se como temperatura basal 10°C para cálculo da soma térmica no intervalo entre as amostragens. Houve aumento linear no número de perfilhos, taxa de alongamento de perfilhos, taxa de expansão foliar e índice de área foliar em função das doses de DLS. Não houve efeito da adubação na taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo (0,004cm GD-1), taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,004 folha perfilho-1 GD-1) e filocrono (274GD).

This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenesis of carpet grass fertilized for two years with pig slurry (PS). On the average of two years were applied 0, 51, 102, 153, 204 and 255m³ of PS ha-1, calculated to provide 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500kg of N ha-1 year-1, respectively. The morphogenesis was evaluated in the spring and summer of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, considering 10°C as threshold temperature to evaluate the thermal sum in degree-days (DD) between the samplings. The fertilization linearly increased the tiller number, tiller elongation rate, leaf elongation rate and leaf area index. There was no effect of the fertilization on pseudoculm elongation rate (0.004cm DD-1), leaf appearance rate (0.004 leaf tiller-1 DD-1) and phyllochron (274DD).

O Hemangioma em penacho é uma proliferação vascular adquirida de características histológicas peculiares. Sua característica clínica mais comum são máculas eritematosas. Ocorre predominantemente em crianças e adultos jovens, principalmente no tórax e pescoço. Relata-se o caso de paciente do sexo masculino, 12 anos, com aumento do pavilhão auricular direito associado a máculas eritematosas e aumento da temperatura local, encaminhado com diagnóstico de Hanseníase Virchowiana, entretanto, tal diagnóstico foi questionado. Histopatologia compatível com Hemangioma em penacho.

Tufted angioma is an acquired vascular proliferation with specific histological characteristics. The most common clinical features are erythematous macules. It occurs predominantly in children and young adults, especially in the chest and neck. We report the case of a male patient, 12 years old, with an increased right ear auricle associated with erythematous macules and increased local temperature, referred with a diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy; however, this diagnosis was questioned. Histopathology was consistent with tufted angioma.

O tumor de células granulares é uma neoplasia benigna rara, de origem neural. Relatamos caso de paciente feminina, 27 anos, com nódulo de superfície acastanhada no braço direito, cujo exame anatomopatológico evidenciou densa proliferação de células, com amplo citoplasma contendo grânulos eosinofílicos, e imuno-histoquímica positiva para proteínas S100 e CD68. O tumor de células granulares é geralmente solitário e, em metade dos casos, localiza-se em cabeça e pescoço, dos quais 23% na língua. É mais frequente entre a terceira e a quinta décadas de vida, em mulheres e pessoas de etnia negra. A positividade para S-100 e CD68 favorece origem neural.

Granular cell tumor is a rare benign neoplasm of neural origin. We report the case of a female patient, 27 years old presenting a brown-red nodule in the right arm, which pathological examination showed to be formed by polygonal cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and immunohistochemistry positive for S100 protein and CD68. Granular cell tumor is usually solitary and in half the cases located in the head and neck areas, 30% of these in the tongue. It is most frequent between the third and fifth decades of life in women and people of African-American ethnicity. Its origination is controversial, including the possible origins in muscle, fibroblasts, neural crest, neural sheath or histiocytes. The positivity for S-100 and CD68 suggest the neural origin.