RESUMO Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi investigar percepções de professores participantes do Programa de Desenvolvimento Educacional (PDE) sobre atividades de Modelagem Matemática (MM), na perspectiva da Educação Matemática Crítica (EMC), na Educação Básica (EB). Foram investigados trabalhos publicados na página do PDE, sob a orientação de docentes da Universidade Estadual do Paraná (Unespar), campus de Campo Mourão. Os pressupostos teóricos foram baseados em Ole Skovsmose - EMC e alguns autores que abordam a MM no âmbito da EB. O emprego da Análise Textual Discursiva, sugerida por Roque de Moraes, possibilitou a construção de duas categorias que evidenciaram contribuições das atividades de MM para o ensino e a aprendizagem de matemática. Uma contempla o planejamento, a implementação e a avaliação das atividades de MM na EB, a outra evidencia a preocupação docente com a formação do senso crítico.

ABSTRACT The present article presents some results of research, whose objective was to investigate the attending teachers’ perceptions in the Educational Development Program (EDP) about activities of Mathematical Modeling (MM) in the perspective of Critical Mathematics Education (CME) in Basic Education (BE). Papers published at the EDP’s website under the supervision of professors from Universidade Estadual do Paraná (Unespar), campus Campo Mourão, were investigated. The theoretical assumptions were based on studies by Ole Skovsmose - CME and some authors who approach MM in the scope of BE. The use of Textual Discursive Analysis, suggested by Roque de Moraes, enabled the construction of two categories that evidenced contributions from MM activities to the teaching and learning of Mathematics. One contemplates the planning, implementation, and evaluation of MM activities in BE; whereas the other highlights professors’ concerns about the construction of critical sense.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta algunos resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo era investigar las percepciones de los maestros que participan en las actividades del Programa de Desarrollo Educativo (PDE) sobre Modelaje Matemático (MM) en la perspectiva de la Educación Matemática Crítica (EMC) en Educación Básica (EB). Fueron investigados estudios publicados en la página PDE, bajo la orientación de los profesores de la Universidade Estadual do Paraná (Unespar), campus de Campo Mourão. Los supuestos teóricos se basaron en Ole Skovsmose - EMC y algunos autores que se acercan a MM dentro del alcance de EB. El uso del análisis discursivo textual, sugerido por Roque de Moraes, permitió la construcción de dos categorías que evidenciaron contribuciones de las actividades de MM en lo enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Una contempla la planificación, implementación y evaluación de las actividades de MM en EB, y la otra destaca la preocupación de la enseñanza con la formación de un sentido crítico.

The 2009 pandemic influenza A virus outbreak led to the systematic use of the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir (OST). Consequently, OST-resistant strains, carrying the mutation H275Y, emerged in the years after the pandemics, with a prevalence of 1-2%. Currently, OST-resistant strains have been found in community settings, in untreated individuals. To spread in community settings, H275Y mutants must contain additional mutations, collectively called permissive mutations. We display the permissive mutations in NA of OST-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus found in Brazilian community settings. The NAs from 2013 are phylogenetically distinct from those of 2012, indicating a tendency of positive selection of NAs with better fitness. Some previously predicted permissive mutations, such as V241I and N369K, found in different countries, were also detected in Brazil. Importantly, the change D344N, also predicted to compensate loss of fitness imposed by H275Y mutation, was found in Brazil, but not in other countries in 2013. Our results reinforce the notion that OST-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 strains with compensatory mutations may arise in an independent fashion, with samples being identified in different states of Brazil and in different countries. Systematic circulation of these viral strains may jeopardise the use of the first line of anti-influenza drugs in the future.

After the World Health Organization officially declared the end of the first pandemic of the XXI century in August 2010, the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been disseminated in the human population. In spite of its sustained circulation, very little on phylogenetic data or oseltamivir (OST) resistance is available for the virus in equatorial regions of South America. In order to shed more light on this topic, we analysed the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positive samples collected during the pandemic period in the Pernambuco (PE), a northeastern Brazilian state. Complete HA sequences were compared and amino acid changes were related to clinical outcome. In addition, the H275Y substitution in NA, associated with OST resistance, was investigated by pyrosequencing. Samples from PE were grouped in phylogenetic clades 6 and 7, being clustered together with sequences from South and Southeast Brazil. The D222N/G HA gene mutation, associated with severity, was found in one deceased patient that was pregnant. Additionally, the HA mutation K308E, which appeared in Brazil in 2010 and was only detected worldwide the following year, was identified in samples from hospitalised cases. The resistance marker H275Y was not identified in samples tested. However, broader studies are needed to establish the real frequency of resistance in this Brazilian region.