Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, caracterizar anatomicamente e determinar algumas propriedades físicas de espécies madeireiras utilizadas na produção de embarcações na região Sudeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil. A madeira foi coletada durante visitas em estaleiros da região, em seguida identificadas em nível de espécie e caracterizadas tecnologicamente. Oito espécies, pertencentes a quatro famílias botânicas distintas foram identificadas. Todas as espécies identificadas apresentaram algum tipo de deposição de substâncias nos vasos e 87% apresentaram média densidade (0.40 to 0.75 g.cm-3). As espécies com maior frequência de ocorrência nos estaleiros e que eram utilizadas em mais estruturas construtivas das embarcações foram Caryocar villosum e Apuleia leiocarpa. Foi observado dois arranjos de diferentes grupos de espécies, “piquia” (Caryocar villosum e Alexa grandiflora) e “tatajuba” (Bagassa guianensis e Enterolobium schomburgkii). Também foi identificada a comercialização ilegal da madeira de “castanheira” (Bertholletia excelsa). Os resultados indicam similaridades anatômicas e físicas nas madeiras utilizadas na produção de embarcações, que podem contribuir como componente de um banco de dados em anatomia de madeira das espécies utilizadas na produção de embarcações na Amazônia, além de subsidiar práticas que contribuam com a fiscalização mais efetiva do mercado madeireiro na região.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify, anatomically characterize, and determine some of the physical properties of wood species that are used for boat production in the southeast region of the state of Pará in Brazil. The samples were collected during visits to shipyards in the region, then it was identified at the specie level and technologically characterized. Eight species belonging to four distinct botanical families were identified. All identified species had presented some type of deposition in its vessels and 87% of them had had medium density (0.40 to 0.75 g.cm-3). The species with higher frequency of occurrence and that had more parts used for boat production were Caryocar villosum and Apuleia leiocarpa. It was observed two different group arrangements of species, “piquiá” (Caryocar villosum and Alexa grandiflora) and “tatajuba” (Bagassa guianensis and Enterolobium schomburgkii). It was also identified the illegal commercialization of “castanheira’s” wood (Bertholletia excelsa). The results can indicate anatomical and physical similarities in woods used in boat production and can contribute as a component of a database in wood anatomy of specie used for boat production in the Amazon region, besides to subside practices that contribute to an effective supervision of the logging market in the region.

ABSTRACT This study aims to bring forward helpful anatomical characteristics to assist in the identification of Cordia goeldiana Huber, Cordia bicolor A.DC. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham., all of them commercialized by the popular name of “freijó” in the Amazon region. The anatomical study of the woods followed the orientations of the International Association of Wood Anatomists - IAWA Committee. The helpful wood’s characteristics found to distinguish the species were: the different types of growth layers; type of axial parenchyma; presence of sheath cells involving the rays; frequency and diameter of the vessel elements; lumen diameter; and fiber wall fraction. Quantitatively, the applied multivariate techniques were helpful, once they have evidenced greater similarities between C. goeldiana and C. alliodora distinguishing themselves from C. bicolor mainly because of the rays’ height (μm). From the anatomical study of the woods it was possible to differentiate the species. We were able to see important anatomical patterns that could be helpful in the macroscopic and microscopic identification of the woods of C. goeldiana, C. bicolor and C. alliodora.

Abstract: Aim of the study was to estimate the influence of the fiber length and basic density on microfibril angle of Eucalyptus microcorys wood. The study area was in an experimental planting at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Three 37 year-old Eucalyptus microcorys trees were used, from whose stems six centimeter-thick discs were removed, cut at a high of three meters. The disks were sanded and planed to highlight the growth rings. Specimens were taken every 1,5 cm across the radius from pith to bark for determining microfibril angle, fiber length and wood basic density. The microfibril angles were determined by use of polarized light microscopy, while the fiber morphology and basic density were determined by usual methods. The averages found for microfibril angle (12,6°), fiber length (968 µm) and basic density (480 kg.m-3) are, in general, within the range of values reported for these characteristics of wood. The microfibril angle showed accentuated reduction of the average values in the pith-bark direction. The fiber length and basic density showed the opposite behavior. We observed that the density and fiber length may be used as a microfibril angle predictor, accounting for 96% and 79% of its variation, respectively.

Abstract: This study aims to understand the effect of the initial planting density on the anatomical variability and basic wood density of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum in a planted forest in Amazonia. The effect of the initial planting density on the radial variation from pith to bark of anatomy and basic density was evaluated. There were two planting densities, planting density-I (624 trees ha-1) and planting density-II (312 trees ha-1). Planting density significantly affected only the ray height, fiber length and wall thickness. Radial position was not significant to the height of the rays and the fiber lumen diameter. The interaction planting density × radial position was only significant for the length of the vessel elements, ray frequency and fiber length. The results indicate that the initial planting density influences the radial behavior of certain anatomical characteristics. To obtain gain in terms of total wood per cultivated area, without harm to the density of the produced wood, planting density-I would be most useful, while planting density-II would be suitable for the production of more homogeneous wood, which tends to form adult wood in advance and with some anatomical characteristics appropriate for the plywood industry.

RESUMO Casearia sylvestris SW é uma espécie perene altamente adaptável que é encontrada em toda a América Latina e amplamente disseminada no Brasil. Este trabalho analisou as características ecológicas da anatomia da madeira de C. sylvestris ocorrendo em três tipos de ecossistemas: Cerrado, Floresta da Galeria (Norte de Minas Gerais) e Mata Atlântica (Sul de Minas Gerais). As características qualitativas foram semelhantes entre as plantas nos três ecossistemas, diferindo apenas na distribuição de máculas e tiloses próximas a máculas que eram mais frequentes no Cerrado e na Floresta da Galeria. Os resultados quantitativos mostraram diferenças significativas para vários parâmetros, bem como variação entre indivíduos dos tipos de vegetação do Norte e do Sul de Minas Gerais. A matriz de correlação entre as variáveis, características anatômicas quantitativas, características do solo, altura e diâmetro das plantas, mostrou que as plantas foram agrupadas por tipo de ecossistema. Casearia sylvestris pode adotar diferentes estratégias de sobrevivência em relação à segurança e eficiência do transporte de água pela adaptação ecológica da anatomia da madeira. As características anatômicas adaptativas à seca foram principalmente uma diminuição da frequência do vaso e um aumento da largura e frequência dos raios.

ABSTRACT Casearia sylvestris SW (Salicaceae) is a highly adaptive perennial species that is found throughout Latin America and widely spread in Brazil. This work analyzed the ecological features of wood anatomy of C. sylvestris occurring in three ecosystem types: Cerrado, Gallery Forest (Northern of Minas Gerais) and Mata Atlântica (Southern of Minas Gerais). Qualitative features were similar among plants in the three ecosystems, differing only in the distribution of pith flecks and neighboring tyloses that were more frequent in Cerrado and Gallery Forest. The quantitative results showed significant differences for several parameters, as well as variation between individuals of vegetation types of Northern and Southern of Minas Gerais. The correlation matrix of variables including quantitative anatomical characteristics, soil characteristics, height and diameter of the plants showed that plants were grouped by ecosystem type. Casearia sylvestris might adopt different survival strategies regarding safety and efficiency of water transport by wood anatomy ecological adaptation. The adaptive anatomical features to drought were mostly an decrease of vessel frequency and an increase of ray width and frequency.

A análise comparativa da anatomia do lenho das espécies Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth, Diplotropis brasiliensis (Tul.) Benth., Diplotropis martiusii Benth., Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff e Diplotropis racemosa (Hoehne) Amshoff é descrita no presente trabalho, visando a determinar as principais características anatômicas necessárias à distinção dessas espécies. Qualitativamente, as características anatômicas mais importantes para a diferenciação do lenho dessas espécies foram: camadas de crescimento, estratificação dos raios, arranjo dos vasos e fileira marginal dos raios. Quantitativamente, a análise estatística mostrou que os parâmetros anatômicos mais importantes no agrupamento das espécies foram: diâmetro dos elementos de vasos, largura dos raios em micrometros, comprimento, espessura da parede e largura das fibras. Verificou-se que a anatomia do lenho pode ser utilizada como importante subsídio na identificação das espécies estudadas.

In this study, we describe the comparative anatomical analysis of the following wood species: Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth, Diplotropis brasiliensis (Tul.) Benth., Diplotropis martiusii Benth., Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff, and Diplotropis racemosa (Hoehne) Amshoff. The aim was to determine the main anatomical characteristics to distinguish between these wood species. Qualitative analysis showed that the most important anatomical characteristics for the differentiation of these wood species were growth rings, stratification rays, arrangement of vases, and row marginal rays. Quantitative statistical analysis showed that the major anatomical parameters in the clustering of species were diameter of vessel elements, length of rays in micrometers, length, wall thickness, and width of fibers. We verified that wood anatomy can be of great importance in identifying the species studied.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a variação dos elementos celulares de Astronium lecointei Ducke no sentido medula-câmbio, analisaram-se amostras de madeira de três regiões radiais da árvore, a 1,30 m do solo: 0% (próximo à medula), 50% (região intermediária) e 100% (próximo ao câmbio vascular). A metodologia aplicada no trabalho foi aquela tradicionalmente recomendada para estudos em anatomia de madeira, seguindo orientação do IAWA Committee. Observou-se que alguns elementos anatômicos apresentaram tendências de variação definidas e estatisticamente significativas: frequência, diâmetro e comprimento dos elementos de vaso, altura dos raios em micrômetros e comprimento das fibras. Observou-se também maior obstrução dos poros por tilas próximo à medula e na região intermediária. A tendência de estabilização das dimensões dessas estruturas pode estar indicando a formação de madeira adulta a partir da região intermediária analisada no lenho da espécie.

In order to evaluate the variation of the cellular elements of Astronium lecointei Ducke from the pith towards the vascular cambium, wood samples from three regions of the radial sense in the tree at 1.30 m above the groundwere analyzed: 0% (near to the pith), 50% (intermediate region) and 100% (near to the vascular cambium). The methodology applied in the work was the one traditionally recommended for studies in wood anatomy, following the guidance of the IAWA Committee. It was possible to observe that some anatomical elements showed well-defined, statistically significant variation trends: frequency, diameter and length of the vessel elements, length of rays in microns, and fiber length. There was also greater pore blockage by tyloses close to the pith and in the intermediate region. The tendency to stabilize the values of these structures may indicate the formation of adult wood as from the intermediate region analyzed in the wood of Astronium lecointei Ducke.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi fazer a caracterização do processo produtivo e dos resíduos gerados por uma serraria localizada na Região Metropolitana de Belém-PA. A caracterização do processo produtivo e a quantificação do volume de resíduos totais gerados foram feitas a partir do balanço de materiais da empresa. Verificou-se que a serraria analisada apresentou percentuais de rendimento significativos, próximos aos valores mais altos encontrados na literatura consultada para serrarias da região. Esse fato pode estar associado ao uso de maquinário de qualidade utilizado no desdobro da madeira ou mesmo à presença de profissionais capacitados. Observou-se também que a serraria analisada destina de forma inteligente seus resíduos, realizando sua comercialização de acordo com maior ou menor valor agregado dos mesmos. BelémPA. BelémPA Belém PA. PA Belém-PA empresa Verificouse Verificou se significativos região capacitados Observouse Observou mesmos

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the production process and the waste generated by a sawmill in the metropolitan region of Belem, State of Para. The production process characterization and the quantification of the total waste volume generated were determined through the analysis of the material balance sheet of the company. It was possible to notice that the analyzed sawmill presented significant income percentage, close to the highest values found in the literature for sawmills in the region, which may be associated to the use of quality machinery in wood processing or even to the presence of trained labor. It was also observed that the studied sawmill intelligently directs its waste, commercializing it in accordance with greater or lesser added value. Belem Para company percentage labor value