RESUMO Com o intuito de desenvolver novas medidas de proteção de plantas contra doenças, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o controle da pinta preta (Alternaria solani) e da mancha bacteriana (Xanthomonas vesicatoria) no tomateiro, e a atividade antimicrobiana contra seus agentes causais utilizando pó solúvel de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis). Para o teste de estabilidade, o pó solúvel foi armazenado a 40 oC por 0, 60, 120 e 180 dias e testado em cinco concentrações (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg L-1). Definidos o tempo de prateleira e a melhor concentração, avaliaram-se os intervalos de aplicação de sete, 14 e 21 dias. Como tratamentos controle foram utilizados os fungicidas Azoxystrobina (200 mg do ingrediente ativo – i.a. mL-1) para pinta preta e Oxicloreto de cobre (400 mg i.a. mL-1) para mancha bacteriana. Não houve atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato contra A. solani e X. vesicatoria. A concentração calculada de extrato de alecrim que resultou em menor severidade das doenças foi de 130 mg L-1, com tempo de prateleira do pó solúvel de 24 meses. O extrato proporcionou o mesmo nível de controle da pinta preta e da mancha bacteriana que os fungicidas utilizados, com eficiência de até 75%, em intervalo de aplicação de sete dias. Estes resultados demonstram a eficiência do pó solúvel de alecrim para controle da pinta preta e da mancha bacteriana do tomateiro.

ABSTRACT Aiming to develop new measures of plant protection against diseases, the objective of this study was to verify the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria) in tomato plants, as well as the antimicrobial activity against their causal agents, using soluble powder of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). For the stability test, the soluble powder was kept at 40 oC during 0, 60, 120 and 180 days and assayed at five concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1). When the shelf life and the best concentration were defined, the application intervals of seven, 14 and 21 days were evaluated. As control treatments, the following fungicides were used: Azoxystrobin (200 mg active ingredient – a.i mL-1) for early blight and Copper Oxychloride (400 mg a.i. mL-1) for bacterial spot. There was no in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract against A. solani and X. vesicatoria. The calculated concentration of rosemary extract that resulted in the least severity of diseases was 130 mg L-1, with 24 months of shelf life of the soluble powder. The extract provided the same control level for early blight and bacterial spot as that of the used fungicides, showing efficiency of up to 75% at a seven-day application interval. These results show the efficiency of rosemary soluble powder in controlling early blight and bacterial spot in tomato plants.

The objective of this study was to estimate the dehydration curve and occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications and five levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) in the form of urea, two regrowth ages (28 and 35 days) and drying hay in the sun and in shed. After harvesting, the grass was sampled four times (0, 8, 23 and 32 hours) to dry in the sun and twelve times (0, 3, 18, 27, 42, 51, 66, 75, 90, 99, 114 and 123 hours) for drying in shed, turned over daily. The fungi were identified after seeding and growth in three steps of haymaking (cutting, baling and after 30 days of storage). To verify the presence of mycotoxins, 20 samples, composed of hay stored for 30 days, were collected, of which 10 samples were from sun-dried hay and 10 from hay dried in shed. It took 32 hours to produce hay at field conditions, with water loss rates up to 6.10 g g-1 DM-h during the first 8 hours after cutting. The average loss of water in this period was 2.0 g g-1 DM-h. Hays dried in the shed took 123 hours and the dehydration rates were less than 0.5 g g-1 DM-h due to environmental conditions. There was a predominance of three genera of fungi: Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. The largest population was the Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, at the steps of baling and storage. The fumonisin mycotoxin was found at a higher concentration and there was no difference in fumonisin concentration in the hay dried in the sun and in shed. Although it brings no hazard to animal health, the production of aflatoxin and zearalenone was significantly higher in the samples of sun-dried hay.

The study was conducted to estimate the dehydration curves, chemical composition, and occurrence of fungi in white oat hay (Avena sativa L. cv. Guapa BRS) and black oat hay (Avena strigosa Schreb cv. Common) at two cutting heights. Dehydration curves were studied under a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using split plots in time, considering two types of oats (white and black), two cutting heights (10 and 20 cm), and 17 sampling times (0, 4, 19, 24, 28, 43, 47, 52, 67, 71, 76, 91, 95, 100, 115, 129, and 124 hours after harvesting) with five replicates. For the chemical composition and occurrence of fungi, the experimental design comprised randomized blocks in a factorial 2 × 2 split-plot in time with two types of oats, two cutting heights, and three assessment periods: before cutting, during baling, and after 30 days of storage, with five replicates. The hay obtained by cutting of the black and white oats at heights of 10 and 20 cm showed similar dehydration curves. The crude protein values were higher in white oats only at the time of cutting (141.5 g/kg). The black oats showed lower nutritional quality, with higher levels of ADF and lignin. There was no effect of cutting height on the chemical composition, but the cutting height interfered with the production of dry matter and residue after cutting, with cutting at 10 cm leading to higher dry matter production and at 20 cm to increased waste production. The cutting heights of the oats interfere directly with the dry matter production and post-harvest residue without changing the chemical composition of the hay.