ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the agronomic performance through mixed models, and determined the genetic divergence between black oat genotypes. The experiment was carried out at Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen/RS. Fourteen black oat genotypes were evaluated, being 11 lines developed by Breeding Program of University, and three commercial cultivars (IAPAR 61, UPFA 21 - Moreninha and, IPR Cabocla). We evaluated quantitative traits associated to plant height, cycle, dry mass yield and seeds yield; and 19 qualitative traits, being these morphological descriptors. The results showed that lines UFSMFW 2-05 and UFSMFW 2-07 stand out with characteristics such as early cycle, higher dry mass and grain yield. Divergence analysis revealed the formation of three distinct groups, indicating the presence of variability. These results suggested the potential for the development of new cultivars of black oat, presenting early cycle and good grain yield.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico por meio de modelos mistos e determinar a divergência genética entre genótipos de aveia preta. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus de Frederico Westphalen/RS. Catorze genótipos de aveia preta foram avaliados, sendo 11 linhagens desenvolvidas pelo Programa de Melhoramento da Universidade e três cultivares comercias (IAPAR 61, UPFA 21 - Moreninha e IPR Cabocla). Foram avaliadas características agronômicas quantitativas relacionadas ao porte, ciclo e produtividade de massa seca e de sementes; e 19 características qualitativas, sendo estes descritores morfológicos. Os resultados mostraram que as linhagens UFSMFW 2-05 e UFSMFW 2-07 se destacam com características como ciclo precoce, elevada produtividade de massa seca e de sementes. A análise de divergência revelou a formação de três grupos distintos, indicando presença de variabilidade. Os resultados demonstram o potencial de desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de aveia preta, apresentando precocidade e boa produtividade de sementes.

Abstract The objective of this work was to select black oat genotypes using the MGIDI for simultaneous selection, comparing it with the Smith-Hazel index. The experiment was carried out in Frederico Westphalen/RS and Pato Branco/PR, in a randomized block design, with three replications, with 9 genotypes tested. Days from emergence to flowering and maturation; cutting and plant height; number of tillers; panicle length; tiller, plant, panicle, panicle seed mass, green and dry; and seed yield were obtained. MGIDI selected the genotypes UFSMFW 2-01 and UFSMFW 2-04 for Frederico Westphalen and UFSMFW 2-07 and UFSMFW 2-04 for Pato Branco, which varied compared to the Smith-Hazel index in both environments. MGIDI was efficient in selecting the best black oat genotypes, showing desirable selection gains for most traits.

ABSTRACT The agronomic traits have complex quantitative inheritance, wheat breeding has a highly cost and time expending to achieve advanced lines, and new cultivars. The objective of this work was to estimate the phenotypic (rp), genotypic (rg) and environmental (re) correlation coefficients and the genetic parameters, as well as to estimate the selection gains between agronomic traits in wheat using multivariate analysis. F6 generation was carried out in a randomized block experimental design, with fifteen wheat genotypes arranged in three replications. The traits measured were days of emergence to flowering, plant height, number of tillers, spike length, number of spikelets, kernel weight and thousand kernel weight. Correlation coefficients, variance components, genetic parameters, selection gain, Euclidiana’s distance, relative contribution of traits and canonical variables were estimated. Selection based on number of tillers, kernel weight and thousand kernel weight may result in expressive selection gains. The number of fertile tillers per plant showed a significant and positive intermediate association with kernel weight and positive correlation with number of spikelets. The cycle showed greater contribution to the genetic divergence among genotypes studied. Distinct groups highlighted the genetic variability among genotypes.

Abstract UFSMFW 2202 is an early black oat cultivar with high dry matter and grain yield potential. When used in rotation systems, the early cycle has the immediate advantage of allowing anticipated sowing of subsequent crop. Initially, the cultivar is recommended for the North and Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul.

Abstract The black oat cultivar UFSMFW 2101, recommended for Northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, is very early and can produce high dry matter and grain yields. In rotation systems, an immediate advantage is the very early cycle, with the possibility of anticipated sowing of the subsequent crop.

RESUMO Modelos mistos e análises multivariadas são ferramentas poderosas para selecionar genótipos superiores em programas de melhoramento de plantas. O método BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) tem sido usado para predizer valores genéticos, eliminando efeitos ambientais. Além disso, o método FAI-BLUP (ideotype-design index) é importante para o melhoramento genético de plantas, devido à seleção de múltiplas características. Objetivou-se determinar o potencial genético de gerações avançadas de trigo, utilizando-se REML/BLUP em combinação com técnicas multivariadas, para a seleção de genótipos superiores. O experimento foi constituído de onze genótipos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura da planta, altura de inserção da espiga, número de afilhos, número de espiguetas, largura do grão, peso hectolitro e peso de grãos por planta. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados utilizando-se a metodologia REML/BLUP, e o índice FAI-BLUP foi calculado por meio dos valores genéticos preditos. Os genótipos UFSMFW 1-02, UFSMFW 1-05 e UFSMFW 1-04 apresentam potencial de incremento para produtividade de grãos. Os ganhos de seleção para número de afilhos (14,63 %) e massa de grãos por planta (22,35 %) são potencias para a seleção de genótipos superiores.

ABSTRACT Mixed models and multivariate analysis are powerful tools for selecting superior genotypes in plant breeding programs. The BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) method has been used to predict genetic values without environmental effects. Furthermore, the FAI-BLUP (ideotype-design index) procedure is especially valuable for plant breeding because of multiple-trait selection. This study aimed to determine the genetic potential of advanced wheat generations using REML/BLUP in combination with multivariate techniques for the selection of superior genotypes. The experiment consisted of eleven wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three replications. Plant height, spike insertion height, number of tillers, number of spikelets, kernel width, hectoliter weight and kernel weight per plant were determined. The genetic parameters were estimated using the REML/BLUP methodology, and the FAI-BLUP index was calculated using predicted genetic values. The genotypes UFSMFW 1-02, UFSMFW 1-05 and UFSMFW 1-04 show potential to increase the grain yield. The selection gains for number of tillers (14.63 %) and kernel weight per plant (22.35 %) indicate the potential to select superior genotypes.

A soja é a principal cultura de verão do Brasil, atualmente a implantação de segunda safra vem sendo crescente. Neste sentido, o conhecimento da contribuição dos caracteres ao rendimento de grãos nestas condições é necessário. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 8, sendo dois locais de cultivo (Salvador das Missões - RS e Tenente Portela - RS) e oito genótipos de soja com hábito de crescimento indeterminado (BMX Elite, NS 5959, NS 5909, BMX Alvo, BMX Potência, BMX Tornado, BMX Turbo, BMX Garra). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância pelo teste F (p<0,05), posteriormente, a análise de trilha foi realizada a partir da matriz de correlações, considerando massa total de grãos como variável dependente, e os demais caracteres agronômicos como explicativos. Os componentes de rendimento, o número de legumes com três grãos, o peso de mil grãos dos legumes com três grãos apresentou tendências lineares mais fortes e positivas com o rendimento dos grãos. Os genótipos NS5959, BMX Potência e BMX Turbo obtiveram a maior massa total de grãos, com a maior contribuição do peso de mil grãos dos legumes com dois e três grãos.

The soybean is the main summer crop in Brazil, currently the cultivation of the second crop has been growing. In this sense, the acknowledgement of traits contribution to grain yield in front of these conditions is necessary. The experimental design was in a randomized block, in 2 x 8 factorial scheme, two locals (Salvador das Missões - RS and Tenente Portela - RS) and eight soybean genotypes with indeterminate habit (BMX Elite, NS 5959, NS 5909, BMX Alvo, BMX Potência, BMX Tornado, BMX Turbo, BMX Garra). Data were submited to analysis of variance by the F test (p <0.05), and after the path analysis was performed from the correlation matrix, considering total grain mass as the dependent variable, and the other agronomic traits as explanatory variables. The grain yield components, number of pods with three grains, thousand grain weight of pods with three grains showed stronger and more positive linear trends with grain yield. The genotypes NS5959, BMX Potência and BMX Turbo obtained the highest total grain mass, and that had more contribution of the thousand grain weight of pods with two and three grains.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to estimate the variance components and genetic parameters, the selection gain, and the cause and effect relationships among traits in order to identify important traits for direct and indirect selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines. Three strategies were used to obtain selection gains: direct and indirect selection, an index based on “ranks,” and the Smith and Hazel index. In the 2017 crop season in Brazil, 420 wheat lines from the F5 generation were conducted in families with intercalary controls. High heritability of spike weight, number of kernels, and total kernel weight resulted in the best direct selection gains. The selection of plants with a high number of tillers resulted in grain yield improvement. The use of selection indexes is important in advanced wheat lines; they promote genetic gains distributed among agronomic traits.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of second-harvest with soybean crop after first-harvest with maize crop has become an alternative to aggregate income to farmers in the South region of Brazil. However, there is little information about this cropping system in this region. The aims of this study were to: (i) evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars growing in second-harvest during the summer; and (ii) evaluate the genetic divergence of the cultivars based on qualitative and quantitative traits. To do this, 18 soybean cultivars were evaluated in three field trials, sown during January in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. In each experiment, a randomized block design with four replicates was used. Five quantitative traits (representing the agronomic performance of the cultivars) and 12 qualitative traits (morphological descriptors) were assessed aiming at studying the genetic divergence. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using mixed models and BLUPs for genotypes were estimated for each quantitative trait. The cultivars FPS Iguaçu RR and BMX Turbo RR have good agronomic performance and are, based on quantitative and qualitative traits, genetically distant. These cultivars have shown agronomic features that allow their cultivation in the second-harvest in the northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul in addition to be potential genitors for future soybean breeding programs.

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to characterize black oat populations by estimating between- and within-populations variance components and genetic parameters, as well as to distinguish the populations using multivariable statistics. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks design with three repetitions, with 14 black oat populations collected in several municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state. Agronomic important traits were assessed at physiological maturation stage. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated considering within-block information. In addition, Mahalanobis distance, relative contribution of traits, and canonical variables were used to distinguish the populations. Selection based on panicle length, number of grains per panicle, panicle weight and panicle grain weight may result in higher selection gains. Panicle grain weight presents a greater contribution to genetic divergence between studied populations. The formation of distinct groups indicated the presence of genetic variability among black oat populations in the northwestern of the Rio Grande do Sul state. Directed crosses between individual plants of populations from (i) Alto Alegre and Salvador das Missões, Chapada, or Santa Rosa or (ii) between plants of populations from Salvador das Missões and Campos Borges or Santa Rosa can generate segregating populations with great genetic variability. The predominance of between-phenotypic variance and a within-genetic variance indicate prospects for success in selection gain and possible selection of a new cultivar with fewer efforts compared to a cross-based method. This is supported by the high values of within-population heritability.

Abstract: This work aimed to determine variance components and genetic parameters, as well as phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations among black oat (Avena strigosa) families grown in different crop season. Seventy-six black oat families and three controls (BRS Madrugada, BRS Centauro, BRS 139 Neblina) were evaluated in two crop seasons (2016 and 2017), using families with intercalary controls experimental design. The results reveled high potential of black oat families to compose a breeding program, due to families and controls variance were similar, variance components expressed greater genetic variance origin for crop season. Panicle weight and panicle grain weight presented high heritability and, these are correlated with panicle length. Thus, these traits can be used to select superior genotypes. Divergent meteorological conditions between crop seasons expressed few variations among phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations, and it did not alter magnitude and sense of phenotypic and genetic correlations.