Objetivo: Estabelecer as recomendações portuguesas relativas à indicação de realização da DXA e de iniciação de tratamento para a prevenção de fraturas de fragilidade. Métodos: Foi reunido um painel multidisciplinar, representando o leque das especialidades médicas e associações de doentes dedicadas à osteoporose, bem como especialistas nacionais neste domínio e em economia da saúde, com o objetivo de desenvolver recomendações com base na evidência científica e no consenso dos especialistas. As decisões foram suportadas por dados epidemiológicos, sócio-económicos e de qualidade de vida obtidos recentemente sobre as fraturas osteoporóticas. Resultados: Foram desenvolvidas 10 recomendações que abordam as questões de quem deve ser objeto de investigação com a DXA e quem deve ser tratado com terapêutica para prevenção de fraturas. Os limiares para a avaliação e intervenção baseiam-se na análise de custo-eficácia das intervenções em diferentes limiares da probabilidade a dez anos de fratura osteoporótica, calculados com base na versão portuguesa da FRAX® (FRAX®Port) tendo em consideração os dados epidemiológicos e económicos portugueses. Enumeram-se as limitações da FRAX® e, sempre que possível, propõem-se orientações para uma adaptação. Conclusões: Os limiares de custo-eficácia para realização de DXA e a instituição de terapêutica para a prevenção das fraturas de fragilidade são agora facultados à população portuguesa. Estes limiares são práticos, baseiam-se em dados epidemiológicos e económicos nacionais e em evidência científica e são corroborados por um painel multidisciplinar de especialistas e de instituições científicas. A implementação destas recomendações oferece perspetivas muito promissoras no que diz respeito a uma utilização mais eficaz dos recursos de saúde na prevenção das fraturas osteoporóticas em Portugal.

Objective: To establish Portuguese recommendations regarding the indications for ordering bone densitometry measurement to (DXA) and for starting treatment to prevent osteoporotic fractures. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel, representing a wide range of medical specialties and patient associations related to osteoporosis, as well as national experts in this field and in health economics, met to develop recommendations based on available evidence and expert consensus. Recently obtained data on the epidemiologic, economic and quality-of-life aspects of osteoporotic fractures in Portugal were used to support decisions. Results: Ten recommendations were developed covering the issues of indications for ordering DXA measurements and whom to treat with anti-fracture medications. Thresholds for assessment and intervention are based on the cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions at different thresholds of a ten-year probability of osteoporotic fractures, calculated with the Portuguese version of FRAX® (FRAX®Port), and taking into account Portuguese epidemiologic and economic data. Limitations of FRAX® are highlighted and guidance for appropriate adjustment is provided, when possible. Conclusions: Cost-effectiveness thresholds for DXA examination and drug intervention aiming at fragility fracture prevention are provided for the Portuguese population. These are practical, based on national epidemiological and economic data, evidence-based, and supported by a multidisciplinary panel of experts and scientific societies. Implementation of these recommendations has the possibility to assure the most effective use of health resources in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in Portugal.

O paradigma terapêutico em obesidade força os profissionais de saúde a decisões clínicas partilhadas com o doente. A adoção de novos padrões alimentares depende de múltiplas mudanças comportamentais propostas pelos profissionais de saúde, que podem ter impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes, dificultando a sua manutenção. Este artigo apresenta o modelo de intervenção nutricional INDIVIDUO. Trata-se de uma intervenção estruturada, que integra recomendações nutricionais baseadas na evidência com estratégias relacionais promotoras de mudança comportamental sustentável. Apresenta-se também o protocolo do primeiro ensaio clínico controlado, que visa avaliar a efetividade desta intervenção. Sendo direcionada a candidatos a cirurgia da obesidade, em contexto de consulta multidisciplinar, espera-se que a intervenção seja promotora e/ou catalisadora de mudanças comportamentais sustentáveis, conducentes a melhorias clínicas significativas, a nível do peso corporal, controlo metabólico e qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde.

Obesity treatment paradigm challenges both professionals and patients to engage on shared clinical decisions. Adopting a new food consumption pattern is contingent with multiple behavior changes, usually proposed by the health professional, which may negatively affect patients’ health-related quality of life, therefore compromising adherence and maintenance. This paper presents INDIVIDUO, a nutritional intervention procedure, which integrates nutritional strategies with patient-centered counseling, targeting to sustainable weight control. We also present the protocol for assessing the effectiveness (a controlled clinical trial) of this structured intervention, designed for obesity surgery candidates in a specialized multidisciplinary outpatient clinic. We expect intervened individual to engage in sustained behavior changes and to see significant clinical improvements in the intervention group, namely at weight loss, metabolic control and health-related quality of life.

The presence of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells in the thyroid gland is most likely due to a secondary involvement by a systemic disease. The reported incidence of CLL involving the thyroid is extremely low, representing about 3–4% of all thyroid lymphoproliferative neoplasm. We report a rare case of CLL presenting initially in the thyroid gland. Systemic disease was detected as a result of thyroid investigation. An 85 years old woman, with multinodular goiter without adenophaties, was referred to our department, carrying a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) report of a private institution referring “lymphoid monomorphic proliferation” and suggesting a “Core-needle biopsy” for further investigation. She was euthyroid (TSH–0.5 uU/mL (0.4-4.0), thyroid antibodies negative, including TRab). The patient denied systemic symptoms and at physical examination there were no adenophaties or organomegalies. FNAB analysis was repeated. Although the patient denied constitutional symptoms and there were no relevant findings in physical examination, technetium 99m thyroid gamagraphy (GG) and blood count were additionally asked. FNAB analysis concluded lymphocytic tiroiditis, but thyroid GG revelled global hypocaptation and blood count showed 173.4 x 109 leukocyte/L with 94% lymphocyte. An ecoguided FNAB with flow cytometry identified thyroid infiltration by monotonous population of blasts with phenotype consistent with CLL/malignancy of mature B-cells. CLL/malignancy of mature B-cells was also detected in peripheral blood analysis, suggesting systemic disease with secondary thyroid involvement. The patient started chemotherapy with rituximab and chlorambucil with good response. Pos-treatment GG revelled “Increased levels of uptake in the middle third of the right lower lobe, with low uptake of the remaining parenchyma”. In conclusion, good communication with the pathologist can improve diagnostic accuracy and dictate appropriate therapy. The use of techniques such as flow cytometry, immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, and immunohistochemistry has improved diagnostic accuracy and obviated more invasive procedures, such as core needle or open surgery biopsy. Apart from chemotherapy, immunochemotherapy with anti-CD20 and anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies can be used in the treatment of CLL.