Resumo Um macho de Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) foi encontrado morto às margens do Rio Negro, no Pantanal do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, município de Aquidauana. Dois carrapatos encontrados aderidos à sua pele foram identificados, morfologicamente, como uma ninfa de segundo ínstar de Ornithodoros rostratus (Argasidae) e um macho de Amblyomma sculptum (Ixodidae). Para complementar a identificação morfológica, esses espécimes de carrapatos foram submetidos à extração de DNA e testados por meio de ensaios de PCR, para confirmar a identidade molecular dos espécimes. Além disso, os extraídos dos carrapatos foram testados e revelaram-se negativos nos ensaios de PCR para todos os patógenos testados. Também foram examinados 30 lotes, compostos por 174 indivíduos de O. rostratus, depositados na Coleção Acari do Instituto Butantan, e encontramos material de quatro estados brasileiros, incluindo-se um lote contendo 2 machos e 2 fêmeas de Aquidauana, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), coletado do solo. Este foi, portanto, o primeiro registro de O. rostratus parasitando P. brasiliensis e o primeiro registro de localidade (Aquidauana). Da mesma forma, A. sculptum é comumente encontrado no Pantanal e relatado aqui, pela segunda vez, parasitando a ariranha, hospedeiro pouco estudado em relação a ectoparasitas.

Abstract A male of Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) was found dead on the banks of the Rio Negro, in the Pantanal wetlands of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Aquidauana municipality. Two ticks found attached to its skin were morphologically identified as a second-instar nymph of Ornithodoros rostratus (Argasidae) and a male of Amblyomma sculptum (Ixodidae). In order to complement the morphological identification, these tick specimens were subjected to DNA extraction, and tested using PCR assays to confirm the molecular identity the specimens. Also, the tick DNA samples were tested and were negative in the PCR assays for all the pathogens tested. We also examined 30 batches, consisting of 174 individuals of O. rostratus deposited in the Acari Collection of the Butantan Institute, and we found material from four Brazilian states, including one batch containing 2 males and 2 females from Aquidauana, of Mato Grosso do Sul state, collected from the soil. This was therefore the first record of O. rostratus parasitizing P. brasiliensis and the first locality record (Aquidauana). Likewise, A. sculptum is commonly found in the Pantanal and is reported here for the second time parasitizing the giant otter, which is a host little studied regarding the ectoparasites.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality capable of generating cross-sectional analysis of biological tissues. The OCT generates images from light reflected and backscattered by the materials, having several applications in various areas of health, such as ophthalmology, dermatology and dentistry, for example. The scope of this text is to present in a didactic way the principles of the operation of tomography obtained through coherent light sources.

Tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT – sigla referente a optical coherence tomography) é um exame de imagem não invasivo, capaz de gerar análises da seção transversal de tecidos biológicos. O exame de OCT gera imagens a partir da luz refletida e retroespalhada pelos materiais, possuindo diversas aplicações em várias áreas da saúde, como na oftalmologia, cardiologia e gastroenterologia por exemplo. O escopo deste texto é apresentar de forma didática os princípios do funcionamento da tomografia obtida através de fontes de luz coerentes.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the body yield and quality of fresh and post-freezing filet of male and female fish of inbred and non-inbred AquaAmérica genetic group and the hybrid between the AquaAmérica and Tilamax varieties. Forty fish (20 males and 20 females) of each genetic group were housed in four 48-m3 hapa net cages, getting 120 fish per cage. The fish were housed at 51 days of age and farmed for 269 days. Pre-slaughter weight was higher (P<0.05) in the AquaAmérica × Tilamax males (0.805±0.204 kg) than in the inbred AquaAmérica male (0.643±0.115 kg). Filet yield percentage was higher (P<0.05) in the AquaAmérica × Tilamax males (32.14±4.72%) than in the inbred AquaAmérica (28.15±2.67%) and non-inbred AquaAmérica (29.06±2.80%) males. Head and viscera yield percentages, pH, color values (L*, a* and b*), shear force, drip loss and cooking loss did not differ significantly between the genetic groups and sexes. Alterations in meat quality were observed after freezing. In conclusion, inbreeding in the AquaAmérica variety resulted in reduced slaughter weight for males; AquaAmérica × Tilamax males have a higher filet yield; and filet quality is not influenced by crossing, inbreeding, or sex, but is changed after freezing.

Abstract Ticks parasitizing 102 wild animals in the states of Mato Grosso and Goiás, Brazil were collected between 2015 and 2018. A total of 2338 ticks (865 males, 541 females, 823 nymphs, and 109 larvae) belonging to four genera (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Rhipicephalus) and at least 21 species were identified. DNA extraction and a molecular survey for rickettsial agents were performed on 650 ticks. The results revealed parasitism by the following species: Rickettsia amblyommatis in Amblyomma cajennense s.s., A. cajennense s.l., Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma humerale, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma scalpturatum, Amblyomma sculptum, and Amblyomma romitii; Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma scalpturatum, and Amblyomma triste; Rickettsia rhipicephali in Haemaphysalis juxtakochi; Rickettsia sp. in A. cajennense s.s., A. nodosum, and A. sculptum, and lastly, ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’ in Amblyomma parvum and Rhipicephalus microplus. This study expands the body of knowledge about tick parasitism among wild animals, including new data concerning tick-host associations, and provides information about the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens in the Center-West region of Brazil.

Resumo Foram coletados carrapatos parasitando 102 animais silvestres nos estados de Mato Grosso e Goiás, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2018. Um total de 2338 carrapatos (865 machos, 541 fêmeas, 823 ninfas e 109 larvas) pertencentes a quatro gêneros (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis e Rhipicephalus) e pelo menos 21 espécies foram identificadas. A extração de DNA e pesquisa molecular para agentes riquétsiais foram realizadas em 650 carrapatos. Os resultados revelaram parasitismo pelas seguintes espécies: Rickettsia amblyommatis em Amblyomma cajennense s.s., A. cajennense s.l., Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma humerale, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma scalpturatum, Amblyomma sculptum e Amblyomma romitii; Rickettsia parkeri em Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma scalpturatum e Amblyomma triste; Rickettsia rhipicephali em Haemaphysalis juxtakochi; Rickettsia sp. em A. cajennense s.s., A. nodosum e A. sculptum e, por último, ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’ em Amblyomma parvum e Rhipicephalus microplus. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre o parasitismo de carrapatos em animais silvestres, incluindo-se novos dados sobre associações carrapato-hospedeiro. Fornece, ainda, informações sobre a epidemiologia de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

Este trabalho apesenta alguns aspectos da difração no olho humano, tanto na pupila como nas células do cristalino e em estruturas no seu interior. As deduções relevantes são feitas em um Apêndice. Para complementar o entendimento dos fenômenos ópticos, são examinados alguns aspectos fisiológicos do olho, especialmente da retina. O objetivo do trabalho é fornecer exemplos que possam ajudar no ensino da óptica e motivar os estudantes a examinarem mais detalhadamente a difração, incluindo cálculos numéricos. Os exemplos incluem a visibilidade de estruturas como a Muralha da China quando observadas de longas distâncias, os pingos dos is das antigas bulas de remédio, a forma de moscas volantes e a razão pela qual vemos estrelas com pontas. Este artigo tem como objetivo atingir não apenas físicos e estudantes de física, mas, também, profissionais de outras áreas relacionadas à visão humana, como oftalmologistas, optometristas e técnicos e tecnólogos em oftálmica. humano interior Apêndice ópticos retina numéricos distâncias remédio pontas física mas também humana oftalmologistas oftálmica

This work presents some aspects of diffraction in the human eye, which occurs in the pupil, in the cells of the lens, and in structures within it. An Appendix presents the calculations necessary to understand the phenomenon of diffraction. To complement the understanding of optical phenomena, some physiological aspects of the eye, especially the retina, are examined. The purpose of the paper is to provide teachers and students with examples that can help in the study of optics and motivate students to take a closer look at diffraction, including numerical calculations. Examples include the visibility of structures like the Great Wall of China when viewed from long distances, the dots of the letters i and j from the drug information leaflet the shape of floaters, and why we see stars as pointy objects. This article targets physicists, physics students, and professionals from other areas related to human vision, such as ophthalmologists, opticians, and optometrists. eye pupil lens it phenomena retina examined distances floaters objects physicists vision ophthalmologists opticians optometrists

Abstract The aim of the present study was to report on the occurrence of parasitism by Amblyomma rotundatum ticks on two species of Teiidae lizards and test the presence of rickettsiae in the collected ticks, in the western Brazilian Amazon region. Ticks were collected in July 2019, from a fragment of terra firme forest in the municipality of Senador Guiomard, Acre, Brazil. Two lizards that were infested by immature stages of ticks were caught using mist net and Tomahawk traps. Ectoparasites were collected manually, and the lizard specimens were identified and released at the same location where they had been caught. Three nymphs and 49 larvae were collected from Ameiva ameiva, while 25 nymphs and nine larvae were collected from Tupinambis cuzcoensis, which are both in the family Teiidae. The ticks were identified morphologically as belonging to the genus Amblyomma. Nymphs were identified at species level through molecular analysis, resulting in the tick species Amblyomma rotundatum. This is the first record of parasitism by the tick A. rotundatum on T. cuzcoensis lizard, and the first report of an association between A. rotundatum and the lizard species A. ameiva and T. cuzcoensis in Acre, in the western part of the Amazon region.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar a ocorrência de parasitismo por carrapatos Amblyomma rotundatum em duas espécies de lagartos Teiidae, e testar a presença de riquétsias nos carrapatos coletados, na região da Amazônia Ocidental brasileira. Os carrapatos foram coletados em julho de 2019, em um fragmento de floresta de terra firme no município de Senador Guiomard, Acre, Brasil. Dois lagartos infestados por estágios imaturos de carrapatos foram capturados com rede de neblina e armadilhas Tomahawk. Os ectoparasitos foram coletados manualmente, e os espécimes de lagartos foram identificados e soltos no mesmo local onde foram capturados. Três ninfas e 49 larvas foram coletadas de Ameiva ameiva, enquanto 25 ninfas e nove larvas foram coletadas de Tupinambis cuzcoensis, ambas da família Teiidae. Os carrapatos foram identificados morfologicamente como pertencentes ao gênero Amblyomma. As ninfas foram identificadas em nível de espécie por meio de análise molecular, resultando na espécie de carrapato Amblyomma rotundatum. Este é o primeiro registro de parasitismo pelo carrapato A. rotundatum em lagarto T. cuzcoensis, e o primeiro relato de associação entre A. rotundatum e as espécies de lagartos A. ameiva e T. cuzcoensis, no Acre, na parte ocidental da região amazônica.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) deals with development of algorithms that seek to perceive one’s environment and perform actions that maximize one’s chance of successfully reaching one’s predetermined goals. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the basic principles of AI and its main studies in the fields of glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. From this perspective, the limitations and potential challenges that have accompanied the implementation and development of this new technology within ophthalmology are presented. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review developed by a research group at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We searched the literature on the main applications of AI within ophthalmology, using the keywords “artificial intelligence”, “diabetic retinopathy”, “macular degeneration age-related”, “glaucoma” and “retinopathy of prematurity,” covering the period from January 1, 2007, to May 3, 2021. We used the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) and the LILACS database (via Virtual Health Library) to identify relevant articles. RESULTS: We retrieved 457 references, of which 47 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. CONCLUSION: Use of technology, as embodied in AI algorithms, is a way of providing an increasingly accurate service and enhancing scientific research. This forms a source of complement and innovation in relation to the daily skills of ophthalmologists. Thus, AI adds technology to human expertise.

BACKGROUND: Considerable numbers of individuals present low vision, blindness, illiteracy and other conditions that could possibly impair their identification of medications, such as eye drops. Through helping these individuals to identify their eye drops, they can achieve greater autonomy. Misidentification can be avoided through use of multisensory sleeves that can be adapted to most eye drop bottles. Correct use of eye drops is important for preventing progression of diseases like glaucoma that could potentially lead to blindness. OBJECTIVE: To develop bottle sleeves to aid in identification of eye drops and then interview a group of possible users to evaluate the acceptance of the solution. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey performed at an ophthalmological clinic in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We describe the development of multisensory sleeves to assist in identification of eye drops. To assess the acceptance of this solution, we interviewed 18 patients who were currently using three or more types of eye drops. RESULTS: We developed four prototypes for eye drop bottle sleeves and conducted an acceptance test on them. Most of the patients who answered the survey about the sleeves were elderly. Most (95%) reported believing that the sleeves would help reduce the risk of mixing up eye drops with other medications that also dispense drops. They also believed that these would increase their autonomy in using eye drops. CONCLUSION: The solution presented was well accepted and may help increase safety in using eye drops through preventing misidentification.

Resumo Em junho de 2012, foi enviado ao serviço da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo um carrapato que foi encontrado em parasitismo sobre um homem adulto na cidade de São Paulo, que havia chegado recentemente de uma viagem de turismo aos Estados Unidos, onde visitou o estado da Pensilvânia, situado na região Nordeste Americana. O carrapato foi identificado como um macho da espécie Dermacentor variabilis, (Say, 1821), de acordo com a literatura e chaves taxonômicas, sendo submetido ao teste da PCR para pesquisa de riquétsias, porém o resultado foi negativo. O fato de um ser humano ter cruzado a fronteira do Brasil, parasitado, sem o seu prévio conhecimento, por um carrapato duro, não pertencente à ixodofauna nacional, é de grande importância pela chance de introdução e estabelecimento no território brasileiro de uma espécie exótica. Outro grande risco para a saúde pública é que esse artrópode poderia estar infectado com a bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii, pois esse ectoparasito é o principal vetor da Febre Maculosa na costa Leste Norte Americana.

Abstract In June 2012, a tick was found parasitizing a man in the city of São Paulo, who had recently returned from a visit to Pennsylvania, in the northeast of the United States. The tick was removed and sent to the São Paulo State Department of Health, where it was identified as a male of the species Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821), according to the literature and taxonomic keys. The tick was subjected to a PCR test to search for rickettsiae, but the result was negative. The fact that a human entered Brazilian territory unaware that he was parasitized by a hard tick not belonging to the national tick fauna is significant because of the possibility that an exotic species could be introduced and take hold in this country. Another major risk to public health is that this arthropod could be infected with the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, as this ectoparasite is the main vector of Spotted Fever on the East Coast of North America.

RESUMO Faz parte das ciências ômicas buscar entender como funciona o sistema celular dos organismos e estudar suas alterações biológicas. Como parte das ciências ômicas, destacam-se a genômica, cuja função é o estudo dos genes; a transcriptômica, que estuda as mudanças nos transcritos; a proteômica, responsável por entender as mudanças que ocorrem nas proteínas, e a metabolômica, que estuda todo o metabolismo das alterações que ocorrem em um determinado sistema quando ele é submetido a diferentes tipos de estímulos. A metabolômica é a ciência que estuda os metabólitos endógenos e exógenos em sistemas biológicos, visando fornecer informações comparativas quantitativas ou semiquantitativas sobre todos os metabólitos do sistema. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica na oftalmologia. Trata-se de revisão narrativa desenvolvida por um grupo de pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP). Buscaram-se, na literatura, as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica em oftalmologia, utilizando as bases de dados Medline® e Lilacs, com as palavras-chave “metabolomics” e “oftalmologia”, de 1º de janeiro de 2009 a 5 de abril de 2021. Foram recuperadas 216 referências, das quais 58 foram consideradas elegíveis para revisão intensiva e análise crítica. O estudo do metaboloma permite um melhor entendimento do metabolismo dos tecidos oculares. Os resultados são importantes para auxiliar no diagnóstico e como preditores da progressão de muitas doenças oculares e sistêmicas.

ABSTRACT It is part of the omic sciences to search for an understanding of how the cellular system of organisms works as well as studying their biological changes. As part of the omic sciences, we can highlight the genomics whose function is the study of genes, the transcriptomics that studies the changes in the transcripts, the proteomics responsible for understanding the changes that occur in proteins, and the metabolomics that studies all the metabolic changes that occur in a certain system when it is submitted to different types of stimuli. Metabolomics is the science that studies the endogenous and exogenous metabolites in biological systems, which aims to provide comparative quantitative or semi-quantitative information about all metabolites in the system. This review aims to describe the main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmolog. We searched the literature on main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmology, using the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with the keywords “metabolomics” and “ophthalmology”, from January 1, 2009, to April 5, 2021. We retrieved 216 references, of which 58 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. The study of the metabolome allows a better understanding of the metabolism of ocular tissues. The results are important to aid diagnosis and as predictors of the progression of many eye and systemic diseases.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the most common ophthalmologic disorders in pregnant women seen in a hospital in Munich in Germany using a big data analysis system, as well as to compare the results obtained with those from other epidemiological studies that used different data acquisition methods. Methods We retrospectively analyzed electronic health records of pregnant women who were seen at the ophthalmology department from 2003 to 2019 at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München hospital. The main complaints that led to ophthalmic consultations during this period were evaluated, and also the variation in intraocular pressure of patients throughout gestational trimesters by analyzing data from the data warehouse system. Results A total of 27,326 electronic health records were analyzed. Of participants, 149 (0.54%) required eye care during pregnancy. Their mean intraocular pressure was 17mmHg in the first trimester, 12mmHg in the second trimester, and 14mmHg in the third trimester. The most prevalent findings were dry eye (29.3%) and conjunctivitis (16%), and ametropia (16%). The most common posterior segment problem was diabetic retinopathy (4.6%). The lower mean intraocular pressure in the second and third trimester found in our study is in accordance with other studies that used other method for data acquisition. Conclusion The most common ophthalmic conditions found in this study population were dry eye, conjunctivitis, and ametropia. The use of data warehouse proved to be useful for acquiring and analyzing data from many patients. This study results are comparable with other studies in published literature that adopted different methodology.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the prevalence of ophthalmologic manifestations in newborns in a maternity hospital in the city of São Paulo, SP, and the main risk factors related with the development of retinopathy of prematurity. Methods A retrospective, longitudinal study with patients born from 2015 to 2017 who required ophthalmological evaluation. The research variables were obtained by analysis of the newborn medical charts. Results A total of 773 patients were studied. The sample consisted of 288 examinations performed by indication of gestational age ≤32 weeks: 118 (42.4%) in 2015, 105 (42.2%) in 2016, 65 (26.4%) cases in 2017. There were 329 evaluations indicated due to birth weight: 113 (40.6%) in 2015, 108 (43.4%) in 2016, and 108 (43.9%) in 2017. The prevalence of associated risk factors was 97 (34.9%) cases in 2015, 96 (38.6%) in 2016, and 54 (22%) in 2017, followed by mechanical ventilation with 82 (29.5%) cases in 2015, 64 (25.7%) in 2016 and 41 (16.7%) in 2017, and continuous positive airway pressure with 59 (21.2%) cases in 2015, 72 (28.9%) in 2016, and 46 (18.7%) in 2017. For the other indications, the evaluations performed due to congenital syphilis were the majority in the 3-year period of the study, with 55 (19.8%) newborns in 2015, 54 (21.7%) in 2016, and 59 (24.0%) in 2017. The most prevalent ophthalmologic diagnosis was retinopathy of prematurity, with 79 (35.3%) cases in 2015, 64 (32.2%) in 2016, and 41 (24.1%) in 2017. Conclusion Most neonates born in the organization do not present risk factors for ophthalmological manifestations. Retinopathy of prematurity was the disease with greater strength of association found in our study. For the other indications, the evaluations performed due to congenital syphilis prevail in the 3- year period of the study.

Abstract Prior to implantation in cattle, the mucous medium contained in the uterine lumen serves as a working interface for molecular exchange and signaling between the lining endometrium and the embryo. The composition of this luminal fluid changes temporally according to the secretory and reabsorptive activities of the uterus and the embryo, which are under complex regulation. Via this interface, both the embryo and the endometrium reprogram each other’s functions to support pregnancy continuation beyond the pre-implantation period. More specifically, the embryo receives elongation signals and the uterus receives anti-luteolytic stimuli. Here, characteristics of the luminal compartment as well as the regulation of its composition to determine the pregnancy outcome will be discussed.