ABSTRACT Background: Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLWH) are more likely to be infected with the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). We assessed the prevalence of high-risk (HR) (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82), probable high-risk (pHR) (26/53/66), and low-risk (LR) (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/70) HPV types and their associated risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study of WLWH aged 18-64 years included one laboratory and eight HIV-specialty healthcare facilities in the pilot network. Descriptive statistics were used to assess sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Adjusted analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors associated with HR and/or pHR HPV infection in WLWH. Results: From May/2021 to May/2022, 1,914 (92.5%) WLWH participated in the pilot study and had valid HPV-DNA results of self-collected vaginal samples. The median age of the participants was 45 years, 60.1% had ≥ 9 years of schooling, 80.5% were ≤ 18 years at first sexual intercourse, and 51.7% had > 4 sexual partners throughout life. The prevalence of any HPV type, HR HPV, pHR HPV, and LR HPV was 65.8%, 49.6%, 16.7%, and 40.0%, respectively. Age was inversely associated with pHR and/or HR-HPV (p < 0.001), and education level was inversely associated with HR-HPV (p = 0.003) types. Any HR or pHR was associated with being single (p = 0.029) and exchanging sex for drugs (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV, especially HR HPV, among WLWH is high in Brazil, highlighting the need for HPV screening in this population. Self-collection of vaginal samples is an important strategy for increasing testing access.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of supplying altrenogest from day 6-12 of pregnancy on the endometrial glandular epithelium, corpora lutea (CL) morphology, and endometrial and CL gene expression. A total of 12 crossbred females (Landrace × Large White) were used. The females were assigned to 4 treatments according to a random design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two categories (sow or gilt) and two treatments (non-treated and treated with altrenogest). On day 6 of pregnancy, animals were allocated to one of the following groups: non-treated (NT, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts), and (T, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts) treated daily with 20 mg of altrenogest, from day 6-12 of pregnancy. All animals were euthanized on day 13 of pregnancy. All CLs were individually weighed, and their volume were determined. The endometrial glandular density (GD), mean glandular area (MGA), and vascular density (VD) were determined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Endometrium samples were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the abundance of transcripts for VEGF and IGF-I. Females in the T group had higher MGA (P < 0.05) compared to the NT group. There was no effect of treatment on GD or VD for both experimental groups. Sows in the T group had augmented expression of IGF-I (P < 0.05). Progestagen had no detrimental effect on CL morphology. In conclusion, altrenogest improves the uterine environment during the peri-implantation period in pigs without compromising corpora lutea development.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las percepciones de los familiares a cargo del cuidado de pacientes sobre el uso de la hipodermoclisis en el domicilio. Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa descriptiva en donde se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 10 participantes en un servicio de atención domiciliaria brasileño. Los datos se organizaron en el programa Etnograph y se sometieron al análisis de contenido de Bardin. Como principal resultado se obtuvo que las personas a cargo del cuidado de los pacientes expresaron miedos e inquietudes con respecto a asumir la responsabilidad por los cuidados con hipodermoclisis, pues la asocian con la muerte. Sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo, reconocieron que este método facilita el cuidado y mejora la comodidad del paciente. Se concluye que la asistencia de profesionales de la salud puede ayudar a que los familiares a cargo del cuidado de pacientes se adapten al uso de la hipodermoclisis en el domicilio.

Resumo Objetivo: conhecer as percepções de cuidadores familiares sobre o uso da hipodermóclise no domicílio. Métodos: foram realizadas, em outubro de 2018, entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 participantes, em um serviço de Atenção Domiciliar brasileiro. Os dados foram organizados no programa Etnograph, e submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: os cuidadores apresentaram medo e receio ao assumirem a responsabilidade pelos cuidados com a hipodermóclise, pois a associaram à morte. Com o transcorrer do tempo, reconheceram essa via como facilitadora do cuidado e conforto. Conclusão: o acompanhamento por profissionais de saúde pode auxiliar na adaptação dos cuidadores familiares frente ao uso da hipodermóclise no domicílio.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of family members in the care of patients about the use of hypodermoclysis at home. A descriptive qualitative investigation was developed in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants in a Brazilian home care service. The data will be organized into the y program and will eventually be analyzed by Bardin containment analysis. As a result, the person in charge of caring for the patients expresses concerns and concerns about taking responsibility for the care of the hypodermoclisis, as well as the partner with the patient. However, over time, I recognize that this method facilitates care and enhances patient comfort. It is concluded that the assistance of health professionals can help family members in patient care adapt to the use of hypodermoclisis at home.

RESUMO: Até o momento, não foram realizados estudos que avaliassem o efeito da concentração de espermatozoides/mL em palhetas (0,5mL) para a criopreservação, levando-nos a analisar esta questão. Cada fração-rica do ejaculado (n=25) foi diluída em cinco diferentes concentrações de espermatozoides (100, 200, 300, 600 e 800x106 espermatozoides/mL), envasadas em palhetas de 0,5mL e posteriormente congeladas. Após a descongelação, os espermatozoides de todos os tratamentos foram avaliados a fim de determinar as características de motilidade usando um sistema de análise computadorizada dos espermatozoides (SCA-CASA). A integridade das membranas plasmática e acrosomal, o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, a peroxidação lipídica e a fluidez da membrana foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. O aumento na concentração de espermatozoides acima de 300x106 espermatozoides/mL diminuiu (p<0,05) a motilidade total e progressiva, velocidade curvilínea, velocidade linear, linearidade e frequência de batimento. No entanto, a integridade da membrana plasmática e acrosomal, potencial de membrana mitocondrial, peroxidação lipídica e fluidez de membrana não foram influenciados (p>0,05) por altas concentrações de espermatozoides durante a criopreservação. Portanto, a fim de melhorar a sobrevivência dos espermatozoides suínos e a motilidade total e progressiva após a descongelação, os espermatozoides suínos devem ser congelados a concentrações não superiores a 300x106 espermatozoides/mL.

ABSTRACT: To date, no studies have been performed evaluating the effect of boar spermatozoa concentration in 0.5mL freezing straws, leading us to examine this question. Each sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate (n=25) was diluted at five different sperm concentrations (100, 200, 300, 600 and 800 x 106 spermatozoa/mL), packaged in 0.5mL straws, and subsequently frozen. After thawing, the sperm from all of treatment groups were analyzed to determine motility characteristics using a sperm class analyzer (SCA-CASA), and their plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, sperm membrane lipid peroxidation and fluidity were analyzed by flow cytometry. An increase in spermatozoa concentration above 300x106 spermatozoa/mL in a 0.5mL straw impaired (p<0.05) the total and progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, linearity and beat cross frequency. However, the plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, membrane lipid peroxidation and fluidity were not influenced (p>0.05) by high spermatozoa concentrations at freezing. Therefore, to increase spermatozoa survival and total and progressive motility after thawing, boar spermatozoa should be frozen at concentrations up to 300x106 spermatozoa/mL.

Resumo: Este trabalho busca compreender como a participação social se configura em arranjos de governança estabelecidos pelo governo do município de Viçosa e também os desafios do governo local na adoção de uma governança participativa. O estudo possui abordagem qualitativa, tendo a entrevista como a principal técnica para a coleta de dados. Conclui-se que o governo local analisado não possui uma governança participativa instituída e, dentre os desafios, a falta de autonomia financeira e de evidências de uma sociedade ativa.

Abstract: This paper seeks to understand how social participation is configured in governance arrangements established by the municipality of Viçosa and also the challenges of local government in adopting participatory governance. The study has a qualitative approach, with interviewing as the main technique for collecting data. It is concluded that the local government analyzed does not have participatory governance instituted.

Resumem: Este trabajo busca comprender cómo la participación social se configura en arreglos de gobernanza establecidos por el gobierno del municipio de Viçosa y también los desafíos de lo gobierno local en la adopción de una gobernanza participativa. El estudio tiene un enfoque cualitativo, teniendo la entrevista como la principal técnica para la recolección de datos. Se concluye que el gobierno local analizado no posee una gobernanza participativa instituida.

Résumé: Cet article cherche à comprendre comment la participation sociale est configurée dans les dispositifs de gouvernance mis en place par la municipalité de Viçosa et aussi les défis de gouvernement local dans l’adoption de la gouvernance participative. L’étude a une approche qualitative, l’interview étant la principale technique de collecte des données. Il est conclu que le gouvernement local analysé n’a pas de gouvernance participative établie.

ABSTRACT The present experiment was carried out to evaluate the economic viability of supplementing boar diets with organic selenium aiming to increase the number of seminal doses of sexually mature boars. Twelve boars were divided into three groups: control group received 0.3 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), inorganic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), and organic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from Sel-PlexTM (Alltech, Inc., n = 4). The experiment was conducted within 10 weeks and analysis was performed fortnightly. No interaction was observed between treatments and weeks for any of the variables analyzed. Boars fed diet supplemented with 0.5 mg kg−1 of organic selenium exhibited a 23% increase in the seminal doses, which resulted in a 37% reduction in the cost of diet per dose produced by boars in this group compared with boars in the inorganic group. It should be pointed out that the total revenue produced by the organic group was 26% higher than the inorganic group. The feeding of organic Se increases the number of seminal doses and reduces the average cost of the diet, demonstrating to be cost-effective.

Resumo: Os conselhos de saúde no Brasil são instituições híbridas que permitem a inserção da sociedade nas discussões políticas. Assim, neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o funcionamento e as contribuições do Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte para a inserção da sociedade nos processos políticos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e apresentados a partir de uma análise descritiva e interpretativa. Como resultados, foram observadas limitações no conselho que prejudicam seu funcionamento.

Abstract: Health councils in Brazil are hybrid institutions that allow the inclusion of society in political discussions. So this article sought to understand the working and the contributions of the Belo Horizonte Municipal Health Council for the inclusion of society in political processes. The data has been collected through semi structured interviews and submitted from a descriptive and interpretative analysis. The result, demonstrated there are limitations on the council that impair its functioning.

Resumen: Los consejos de La salud em Brasil son instituiciones híbridas que permiten la inserción de la sociedad en las debates políticos. Por lo tanto, en este artículo trato de compreenderse El funcionamiento y las contribuiciones del Consejo Municipal de la Salud de Belo Horizonte para la inserción de la sociedad en lós procesos políticos. Los datos fueron obtenidos por la entrevista semiestructurada y presentados partir de un análisis descriptivo e interpretativo. Como resultado, hay limitaciones en el consejo que deterioran el funcionamiento.

Résumé: Conseils de santé au Brésil sont des institutions hybrides qui permettent l'inclusion de la société dans les discussions politiques. Donc, dans cet article, nous avons essayé de comprendre le fonctionnement et les contributions du Conseil municipal de la santé de Belo Horizonte pour l'inclusion de la société dans les processus politiques. Les données ont été recueillies travers des interviews semi-structurées et soumises à partir d'une analyse descriptive et interprétative. En conséquence, il ya des limites sur le conseil qui altère son fonctionnement.

Este estudo transversal pretende avaliar a utilização dos cuidados pré-natais segundo a estrutura familiar, numa população com acesso universal e gratuito a estes cuidados. Em 2005-2006, puérperas foram recrutadas em maternidades públicas do Porto, Portugal, na coorte de nascimento portuguesa. Nesta análise, foram incluídas 7.211 mulheres. Dados sobre as características sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos e cuidados pré-natais foram reportados. Definiram-se como mães monoparentais todas aquelas que não viviam em casal na altura do parto. Cerca de 6% eram mães monoparentais. Essas mulheres eram mais propensas a ter uma gravidez não planejada (OR = 6,30; IC95%: 4,94-8,04), cuidados pré-natais inadequados (OR = 2,30; IC95%: 1,32-4,02) e a não realizar uma ecografia e iniciar a ingestão de ácido fólico durante o primeiro trimestre da gravidez (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,30-2,27; e OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,32-2,13, respectivamente). A adequação e utilização de cuidados pré-natais foram menos frequentes em mães monoparentais. As intervenções educativas devem reforçar o uso e início precoce dos cuidados pré-natais.

This cross-sectional study intended to assess the use of prenatal care according to the family structure in a population with free universal access to prenatal care. In 2005-2006, the Portuguese birth cohort was assembled by the recruitment of puerperae at public maternity wards in Porto, Portugal. In the current analysis, 7,211 were included. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and prenatal care were self-reported. Single mothers were considered as those whose household composition did not include a partner at delivery. Approximately 6% of the puerperae were single mothers. These women were more likely to have an unplanned pregnancy (OR = 6.30; 95%CI: 4.94-8.04), an inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.32-4.02), and to miss the ultrasound and the intake of folic acid supplements during the first trimester of pregnancy (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.30-2.27; and OR = 1.67; 95%CI: 1.32-2.13, respectively). The adequacy and use of prenatal care was less frequent in single mothers. Educational interventions should reinforce the use and early initiation of prenatal care.

Este estudio transversal pretende evaluar la utilización de la atención prenatal, de acuerdo con la estructura familiar, en una población con acceso universal y gratuito a la atención prenatal. En 2005-2006, se seleccionaron puérperas en maternidades públicas de Porto, Portugal en una cohorte de nacimientos portuguesa. En el análisis, se incluyeron 7.211. Se informaron sobre datos como: características sociodemográficas, historia obstétrica y atención prenatal. Las madres monoparentales son las que no tenían un compañero en el momento del parto. Aproximadamente un 6% eran madres monoparentales. Estas tenían más probabilidades de tener un embarazo no planificado (OR = 6,30; IC95%: 4,94-8,04), atención prenatal inadecuada (OR = 2,30; IC95%: 1,32-4,02), y perder la ecografía y la ingesta de ácido fólico durante el primer trimestre del embarazo (OR = 1,71; IC95% 1,30-2,27; y OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,32-2,13; respectivamente). La adecuación y el uso de la atención prenatal fueron menos frecuentes en las madres monoparentales. Las intervenciones educativas deben promover el uso y el inicio temprano de la atención prenatal.

Este estudo transversal pretende avaliar a utilização dos cuidados pré-natais segundo a estrutura familiar, numa população com acesso universal e gratuito a estes cuidados. Em 2005-2006, puérperas foram recrutadas em maternidades públicas do Porto, Portugal, na coorte de nascimento portuguesa. Nesta análise, foram incluídas 7.211 mulheres. Dados sobre as características sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos e cuidados pré-natais foram reportados. Definiram-se como mães monoparentais todas aquelas que não viviam em casal na altura do parto. Cerca de 6% eram mães monoparentais. Essas mulheres eram mais propensas a ter uma gravidez não planejada (OR = 6,30; IC95%: 4,94-8,04), cuidados pré-natais inadequados (OR = 2,30; IC95%: 1,32-4,02) e a não realizar uma ecografia e iniciar a ingestão de ácido fólico durante o primeiro trimestre da gravidez (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,30-2,27; e OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,32-2,13, respectivamente). A adequação e utilização de cuidados pré-natais foram menos frequentes em mães monoparentais. As intervenções educativas devem reforçar o uso e início precoce dos cuidados pré-natais.

This cross-sectional study intended to assess the use of prenatal care according to the family structure in a population with free universal access to prenatal care. In 2005-2006, the Portuguese birth cohort was assembled by the recruitment of puerperae at public maternity wards in Porto, Portugal. In the current analysis, 7,211 were included. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and prenatal care were self-reported. Single mothers were considered as those whose household composition did not include a partner at delivery. Approximately 6% of the puerperae were single mothers. These women were more likely to have an unplanned pregnancy (OR = 6.30; 95%CI: 4.94-8.04), an inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.32-4.02), and to miss the ultrasound and the intake of folic acid supplements during the first trimester of pregnancy (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.30-2.27; and OR = 1.67; 95%CI: 1.32-2.13, respectively). The adequacy and use of prenatal care was less frequent in single mothers. Educational interventions should reinforce the use and early initiation of prenatal care.

Este estudio transversal pretende evaluar la utilización de la atención prenatal, de acuerdo con la estructura familiar, en una población con acceso universal y gratuito a la atención prenatal. En 2005-2006, se seleccionaron puérperas en maternidades públicas de Porto, Portugal en una cohorte de nacimientos portuguesa. En el análisis, se incluyeron 7.211. Se informaron sobre datos como: características sociodemográficas, historia obstétrica y atención prenatal. Las madres monoparentales son las que no tenían un compañero en el momento del parto. Aproximadamente un 6% eran madres monoparentales. Estas tenían más probabilidades de tener un embarazo no planificado (OR = 6,30; IC95%: 4,94-8,04), atención prenatal inadecuada (OR = 2,30; IC95%: 1,32-4,02), y perder la ecografía y la ingesta de ácido fólico durante el primer trimestre del embarazo (OR = 1,71; IC95% 1,30-2,27; y OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,32-2,13; respectivamente). La adecuación y el uso de la atención prenatal fueron menos frecuentes en las madres monoparentales. Las intervenciones educativas deben promover el uso y el inicio temprano de la atención prenatal.

This work aimed to study the probiotics association in 144 piglets from birth to 62 days old. In lactation, the design was completely randomized with two treatments, CTL, 1 mL of distilled water and ProbA, 5g in 15 ml of distilled water, both orally, and in the nursery in randomized block design, with 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments, ProbA ProbB: 30g/ton of ProbB in the ration; CTL ProbB: 30g/ton of ProbB in the ration; ProbA ProbA, CTL CTL; ProbA CHA (challenged); CTL CHA. At 35 days of age the animal of the nursery were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium orally. There was no effect of the parameters evaluated during the maternity. In nursery, the feed conversion was favorable to the ProbA. In the evaluation of fecal score, the challenged group had more diarrhea and increased elimination of S. typhimurium. Results showed the positive action of probiotics when applied at birth by the direct influence on the formation of the intestinal microbiota.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar efeitos zootécnicos e econômicos da associação de probióticos adicionados à dieta de leitões no aleitamento e na creche. Foram utilizados 144 leitões do nascimento até os 62 dias de idade. No aleitamento o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: Controle e Probiótico A. Na creche, foram blocos casualizados com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2x3: Probiótico A e Probiótico B; Controle e Probiótico B; Probiótico A e Probiótico A; Controle e Controle; Probiótico A e animais desafiados; e Controle e animais desafiados. Aos 35 dias de idade 48 animais da creche foram inoculados com Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Avaliou-se peso médio, consumo médio de ração, o ganho de peso médio e a conversão alimentar. Para a análise econômica, calcularam-se os custos das dietas durante a creche e o desempenho da receita de comercialização dos animais. O consumo de ração utilizado na análise corresponde àquele ocorrido no período total de 21 a 62 dias de idade. Na maternidade não foi observado efeito nos parâmetros avaliados. Na creche, a conversão alimentar foi favorável ao tratamento Probiótico A Probiótico A. Na avaliação econômica o tratamento Controle Probiótico B apresentou menor custo em relação aos demais, podendo, assim, representar uma alternativa satisfatória.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotics association added to piglets diets in lactation and nursery. A total of 144 piglets from birth to 62 days old were raised. The design with two treatments (Control and Probiotic A) was totally randomized in lactation. In the nursery, randomized blocks with factorial arrangement 2x3 were defined: Probiotic A and Probiotic B; Control and Probiotic B; Probiotic A and Probiotic A; Control and Control; Probiotic A with challenged animals; and Control and challenged animals. At 35 days from birth 48 animals of the nursery were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium. Average weight, feed consumption, average weight gain and feed conversion were assessed. For economic analysis, the costs of diet during the nursery and income of animal's sale were calculated. Feed consumption considered for analysis was the one related to the period of 21 to 62 days of life. No effect was observed on evaluated parameters in the maternity. Positive effect was observed on feed conversion for Probiotic A and Probiotic A treatment in nursery. In economic evaluation, Control and Probiotic B treatment showed lower cost compared to other ones, thus representing a satisfactory alternative.

The effects of phytogenic feed additives on piglet performance and fecal score (FDD), as well as on lipid oxidation of pork meat were evaluated. One hundred and twenty crossbred weaned piglets were randomly assigned to six treatments according to a 2 × 3 factorial design with five replicates per treatment. Factors were: challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium at 35 days of age or no challenge, and three different additives (control (CTR), basal diet; phytogenic feed additives (PHY), basal diet plus 2000 ppm of phytogenic feed additives - Rosmarinus officinalis, Mentha piperita, Lippia sidoides and Porophyllum ruderale; and antimicrobial agent (ATB), basal diet plus 100 ppm of tylosin, 2000 ppm of zinc and colistin sulfate, 30 ppm in the pre-starter basal diet, 10 ppm in the starter basal diet I and II, and 5 ppm in growth and finishing basal diet). Body weight (BW) of the piglets of ATB was greater throughout the experimental period, without any differences detected between CTR and PHY. Nevertheless, from 96 to 106 days of age, the BW of the CTR group was greater than PHY. From 21 to 34 days of age, feed conversion of ATB was lower than CTR; however, PHY showed an intermediate result, which did not differ from either ATB or CTR. Challenged animals reduced feed intake from day 35 to 48 compared with unchallenged animals. Piglet performance and fecal score from 21 to 48 days of age were lower in piglets that received ATB compared with the other treatments. However, from 35 to 48 days of age, the FDD of PHY was lower than CTR. Lipid oxidation was not reduced in treated animals. Antimicrobial agent improved the growth performance of piglets until 63 days of age, and no difference was observed between the treatments from 64 to 131 days of age. Antimicrobial agent reduced FDD; the FDD of PHY was similar to that of ATB after 48 days. None of the treatments affected lipid oxidation of pork meat.

A indústria tem disponibilizado no mercado uma série de substâncias (nutracêuticos) com a intenção de otimizar a utilização de nutrientes em algumas vias metabólicas, influenciando positivamente o desempenho reprodutivo dos animais. No entanto, a resposta ao uso de nutracêuticos varia de acordo com o animal. Como o organismo é altamente complexo e, a fim de alcançar perfeita atividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal, uma interação ideal na base molecular é necessária, onde os nutracêuticos podem ter sua ação direta. O objetivo neste estudo foi revisar a função e resultados de pesquisas usando os principais nutracêuticos (β-caroteno, vitamina A, L-carnitina, ômegas 3, 6 e 9 e gama-orizanol) sobre as características reprodutivas de touros e garanhões.

The industry has made available in the market a series of substances (nutraceuticals) which intent would be to optimize the use of nutrients in some metabolic paths, influencing positively reproductive performance in animals. However, the response to the use of nutraceuticals varies according to the animal. As the organism is highly complex and in order to achieve a perfect activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, an ideal interaction in molecular basis is needed, where the nutraceuticals can have their direct action. The aim of this study was to review the function and research results using the main nutraceuticals (β carotene, vitamin A, L-carnitine, omegas 3, 6 and 9 and Gamma-oryzanol) on reproductive characteristics of bulls and stallions.

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de vitamina A na dieta sobre as características seminais (volume, motilidade, pH, vigor e concentração espermática, número total de espermatozoides, percentual de espermatozoides vivos e anormalidades morfológicas) de reprodutores suínos no período de um ano (junho de 2004 a junho de 2005). Utilizaram-se dez reprodutores híbridos com 328,5 ± 2,12 dias de idade e 191,0 ± 12,0 kg distribuídos em duas rações, uma controle, com 10.000 UI de vit. A por kg de ração por dia, e outra com 16.000 UI de vit. A, fornecidas na quantidade de 2,5 kg/dia. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. Não houve efeito significativo da suplementação de vitamina A na dieta nem de interação com o tempo nas características seminais estudadas. O tempo teve efeito significativo no pH, na concentração espermática, no número total de espermatozoides, no percentual de espermatozoides vivos, nas anormalidades morfológicas, na motilidade e no vigor espermático. Apesar da não-significância da suplementação de vitamina A, foi possível detectar diferenças numéricas no aumento da motilidade e de espermatozoides vivos, bem como na diminuição das anormalidades morfológicas, resultados que indicam ação da vitamina A.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin A feed supplementation on the following boar semen characteristics: volume, motility, vigor, seminal pH, spermatic concentration, total number of spermatozoa, percentage of living sperm cells and morphologic abnormalities. The experiment was carried out with 10 hybrid boars (328.5 ± 2.12 days of age and 191.0 ± 12.0 kg live weight). The boars were separated into two treatments and fed with two vitamin A levels: control, 10.000 UI/kg feed daily; and vitamin A, 16.000 UI. The boars received 2.5 kg feed daily. A randomized complete design was used with replication measurements in time. There was no significant effect of vitamin A supplementation on the characteristics studied, and nor on the time and treatment interaction. The was significant effect of time on pH, spermatic concentration, total number of spermatozoa, percentage of living sperm cells, morphologic abnormalities, motility and vigor. Although detect significant differences were not detected between both treatments, numerical differences were detected indicating that vitamin A influenced the average increase in motility and the percentage of living sperm cells and the reduction in the percentage of morphologic abnormalities. Data showed support the idea that vitamin A is intimately associated with spermatogenesis.

Este artigo apresenta figuras referentes à mulher junto às criminologias, bem como discute suas repercussões no código penal brasileiro. É identificada na criminologia positivista a figura da criminosa nata relacionada à prostituição, à mulher masculinizada e à atávica; bem como da vítima, seja ela criminosa por dependência do homem, seja pela necessidade de proteção do Estado. Estas figuras têm em comum o fato de servirem ao controle social da mulher. Em oposição, na criminologia feminista se verifica a figura da mulher emancipada, que não busca no direito penal a solução de conflitos que são de ordem social, econômica e política.

This article presents figures reffering to woman in criminology, as discusses its repercussions in the Brazilian penal code. Identified in positive criminology the figure of the nate criminal related to prostitution, masculine woman and atavistic; as well as the victim, is her a criminal dependent of a man, or is it by the necessity of protection from the Government. These figures have in common serve to social control of woman. In opposition, in feminist criminology it is identified the figure of the emancipated woman that does not search in penal law the solution of conflicts related socially, economically and politically.