Abstract In recent years, studies on the growth and development of certain animal organs and their implications for their future productivity have been emphasized. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the ruminal development of woolly lambs and halfblood Santa Inés lambs at different slaughter weights. The trial was conducted in Monte Caseros Department, Corrientes Province, Argentina. A batch of sheep of dual-purpose woolly biotype (Ideal base), was used. For the service, half of the woolly sheeps were crossed with Santa Inés males, and the other half with Ideal breeding animals, which were synchronized. The test was carried out with the woolly lambs and half-blood Santa Inés lambs (woolly females x males Santa Inés). The experimental approach used was a factorial design by biotype, sex and slaughter weight. Five animals were slaughtered by biotype (wool and half-blood), sex (males and females) and by each slaughter weight: 10, 17 and 24 kg (30 males and 30 females). The samples were fixed and then subjected to routine histological processing. The morphometric analysis were performed using an image analyzer system. The thickness of the mucous membrane, epithelium and muscle tunic of the rumen were determined, as well as the length and amplitude of the papillae, obtaining the averages of the measurements. The data were subjected to a multivariate statistical analysis, making correlations between the variables, analysis of principal components and analysis of the variance. The most influential variables in the process of ruminal development were length and width of papillae, thickness of the epithelium and thickness of the muscular wall. The largest sizes of them were observed in the animals slaughtered at 24 kg of live weight. It appears that the half blood biotype affects the development of the variables, more in females than in males.

Resumen En los últimos años se acentuaron los estudios del crecimiento y desarrollo de determinados órganos de los animales y sus implicancias en la productividad futura de los mismos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo ruminal de corderos lanados y media sangre Santa Inés en diferentes pesos de faena. El ensayo fue realizado en el Departamento Monte Caseros, Provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. Se utilizó un lote de ovejas del biotipo lanado doble propósito de base Ideal. Para el servicio, la mitad de las ovejas lanadas fueron cruzadas con machos Santa Inés y la otra mitad, con reproductores Ideal, que fueron sincronizadas. El ensayo se realizó con los corderos lanados y media sangre (hembras lanadas x machos deslanados). El planteo experimental utilizado fue un diseño factorial porbiotipo, sexo y peso de faena. Fueron sacrificados cinco animales por biotipo (lanados y media sangre), sexo (machos y hembras) y por cada peso de faena: 10, 17 y 24 kg de peso vivo promedio (en total 60 animales, 30 machos y 30 hembras). Las muestras fueron fijadas y posteriormente sometidas al procesamiento histológico de rutina. Los análisis morfométricos se realizaron utilizando un sistema analizador de imágenes. Se determinaron los espesores de la mucosa, epitelio y túnica muscular del rumen, así como la longitud y amplitud de las papilas, obteniéndose los promedios de las medidas. Los da- tos fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico multivariado, realizando correlaciones entre las variables, análisis de componentes principales y análisis de la varianza. Las variables más influyentes en el proceso de desarrollo ruminal fueron: largo y ancho de papila, espesor del epitelio y grosor de la pared muscular. Los mayores tamaños de las mismas se observaron en los animales faenados a los 24 kg de peso vivo. Surge que el biotipo media sangre afecta el desarrollo de las variables, más en las hembras que en los machos.

Erythema multiforme (EM) is a hypersensitivity reaction that affects the skin and/or mucous membranes, in response to infections, drugs, or other comorbidities. Presentation of EM can be Minor (Mild EM, characterized for presenting target lesions) or Major (Severe EM, that occurs also with mucous membranes involvement). The case of a 36 year old male patient presenting to emergency of HNAL with fever, malaise, itching and painful ulcer type lesions in oral cavity, multiple target lesions in upper and lower limbs, penis, and perianal region is reported. The diagnosis was EM Major. Ulcerous lesions in oral cavity and target lesions in hands were the most salient.

El eritema multiforme (EM) es una reacción de hipersensibilidad que afecta la piel y/o membranas mucosas, en respuesta a infecciones, medicamentos u otras comorbilidades. La presentación del EM puede ser Menor (EM leve, caracterizado por presentar lesiones "en diana") o Mayor (EM severo, que ocurre además con compromiso de mucosas). Se reporta el caso de un paciente varón de 36 años de edad que acudió a emergencias del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) con fiebre, malestar general, lesiones pruriginosas y dolorosas de tipo ulcerosas en cavidad oral, múltiples lesiones en diana bilaterales en miembros superiores, inferiores, pene y región perianales. Por lo anterior, el diagnóstico fue de EM Mayor. Las lesiones ulcerosas en cavidad oral y en diana en manos eran las más resaltantes.

Herein we present a numerical analysis of the drag force produced by the flow over a square cylinder with a flat plate positioned upstream thereof. The numerical model used to solve the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is based on a finite difference method, second order in time and fourth order in space. The plate height was varied from 20% to 100% the side of the square cylinder, and the distance between the plate and the cylinder was varied from 0.5 to 3.0 times the side of the cylinder. The Reynolds number was considered to be 650, based upon the side of the cylinder and the inflow speed. The numerical predictions show that, for some cases, the total drag force produced by the square cylinder and plate system is lower than that of the square cylinder only.

Introducción: La infección no complicada del tracto urinario bajo y la bacteriuria asintomática son causas frecuentes de consulta médica ambulatoria y en el servicio de urgencias en Colombia y el mundo. La falta de pautas y consenso para el manejo, así como la emergencia de resistencia a las múltiples opciones terapéuticas disponibles en los uropatógenos provenientes de la comunidad, hacen necesario elaborar unas recomendaciones que orienten al clínico sobre el abordaje óptimo de estas entidades. Objetivo: Definir un consenso sobre el manejo empírico de la bacteriuria asintomática y la infección del tracto urinario (ITU) bajo en adultos y mujeres embarazadas en Colombia. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo una metodología de consenso con expertos en urología, infectología, medicina interna, ginecología y microbiología basada en la revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles en los términos de búsqueda relacionados, haciendo énfasis en estudios locales. Resultados: Se elaboró un algoritmo de manejo para el tratamiento empírico de la ITU baja no complicada en adultos con antisépticos urinarios como nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina trometamol como primera línea, con recomendaciones terapéuticas específicas para el tratamiento de la bacteriuria asintomática en mujeres embarazadas. Adicionalmente, se formuló un algoritmo de decisión para el procesamiento de cultivos de orina. La recurrencia o recaída frecuente justifica remisión a urología e infectología. Conclusiones: Se generan recomendaciones prácticas de fácil implementación en el diagnóstico y manejo de la ITU bajo en adultos y embarazadas, y de los casos donde es necesario tratar la bacteriuria asintomática, con opciones terapéuticas efectivas y de espectro reducido.

Background: Uncomplicated infection of the lower urinary tract and asymptomatic bacteriuria are frequent causes of visits to outpatient clinics and emergency departments in Colombia and worldwide. The lack of guidelines and a consensus for their management, and the emergence of resistance of community-based uropathogens to the available therapeutic options, make it necessary to develop recommendations to guide clinicians on the optimal approach to these entities. Objective: Define a consensus for the empiric management of asymptomatic bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in adults and pregnant women in Colombia. Methods: We carried out a consensus methodology with experts in urology, infectious diseases, internal medicine, gynecology and clinical microbiology; based on reviewing the available literature on the related terms, and emphasizing local studies. Results: We developed a management algorithm for the empirical treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI in adults with urinary antiseptics such as nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin trometamol as first line, with specific therapeutic recommendations for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. Additionally, we created a decision algorithm for processing urine cultures. Frequent recurrence or relapse justifies referral to urology and infectious disease professionals. Conclusions: We generated straightforward and easy-to-implement recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTI in adults and pregnant women, and in cases where it is necessary to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria, with effective therapeutic and narrow spectrum options.

TiO2 supported Ag nanoparticles with metal loading ranging from 2.0 to 12.0 wt.% have been prepared by reduction of a silver precursor with formic acid under mild conditions. XPS showed that silver remains in a reduced state and TEM has demonstrated that the procedure was effective to produce silver nanoparticles. Only small changes in the metal particle size from 2.0-3.4 nm occurs when the Ag content increases from 2.0 to 12.0 wt.%. O2 TPD has revealed the presence of different types of adsorbed oxygen species being the one assigned to the active specie called Ob which one displayed the highest proportion in the catalysts with higher metal loading. Catalytic activity in the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde showed that those samples with metal loading higher than 7.0 wt% displays higher yields compared to the unsupported silver catalyst.

In this paper, the operation performance of CaPaMan 2bis (Cassino Parallel Manipulator 2 bis) was investigated through lab experimental tests and computer simulations. Milli-CaTraSys (Milli-Cassino Tracking System) was implemented to determine displacements and orientation variations of CaPaMan 2bis end-effector during experimental tests. A 3D (three dimension) virtual model was built in ADAMS environment to simulate the operation behavior for different prescribed motions. Several prescribed motions have been simulated and tested under different conditions in order to characterize the system behavior. In particular, the kinematic characteristics were obtained from both, experimental tests and numerical simulations. Finally, experiment results and simulation computations were compared for purpose of performance evaluation and design characterization of the parallel manipulator structure and its prototype.

En este trabajo se investiga el desempeño de la operación del manipulador paralelo CaPaMan 2bis a través de pruebas experimentales y de simulaciones numéricas. El sistema Milli-CaTraSys se implementó para determinar la variación de los desplazamientos y la orientación del órgano terminal de CaPaMan 2bis durante las pruebas experimentales. Un modelo 3D desarrollado en ADAMS fue utilizado para simular el comportamiento operacional para diferentes movimientos prescritos. Tales movimientos han sido simulados y verificados bajo diferentes condiciones con el fin de caracterizar el comportamiento del sistema. En particular, se obtienen características cinemáticas de las pruebas experimentales y de las simulaciones numéricas. Finalmente, se comparan los resultados experimentales con los cálculos de simulación con el propósito de evaluar el desempeño y la caracterización del diseño del manipulador paralelo y su prototipo.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.

With the purpose of determining the effects of feeding increasing levels of alkali treated wheat straw on feed intake and ingestive behaviour, twelve Holstein cows in mid lactation (154 DIM) were grouped according to milk production DIM and parity, into 4 blocks and assigned to four, 3 x 3 crossover Latin Squares (3 treatments and 3 periods of 21 days each). All cows were fed rations with a fixed proportion of 70% forage, 30% concentrate (DM), and kept tethered in individual tie stalls with free access to water. The three treatments were: T1 a control, fed grass silage as the only forage, T2; part of the grass silage was substituted for treated straw, offered at a level of 10% of the daily ration, in T3, straw was offered at 20% of the daily ration. The concentrate was kept the same across treatments and consisted of a mixture of 88,41% commercial concentrate and 11.59% of a premix (55.3% fish meal; 30.0% mineral mix and 14.7% urea). Wheat straw was chopped (3-4 cm) and treated on a daily basis with a solution of NaOH (34 gr. per kg of straw, diluted in 3 litres of water). Twenty-four hours after treatment the treated straw was manually mixed with grass silage and offered on an individual basis. Intake was measured daily on an individual basis and feeding behaviour was recorded every 5 minutes during two separate episodes of 24 hours per period. The alkali treatment of straw increased its energy value (from 1.75 to 2.23 Mcal/kg of DM) and reduced its FDN concentration (from 85.47 to 75.10% DM), but increased its ash content (from 3.98% to 8.41%, DM). The average intake of forages (18.1 kg DM/day) and FDN (9.1 kg/ day) was similar among treatments. The inclusion of straw in the diet decreased the time devoted to forage intake from 441.3 min (T1) to 407.6 min (T3) (p<0.05). Cows in T3 ruminated less time (551.5 min) than those in T1 (522.4 min) (p<0.05). T1 had a higher number of meals per day (13.7) than T3 cows (12) (p<0.05). Meal length however, did not differ (avg. 37.5 min). The average of ruminating periods did not differ but its length increased with treated straw (37.2 and 36.4 min for T2 and 73, respectively) being 32.8 for T1 cows (p<0.05). The fibrosity index of the diets (min eating + ruminating/kg of DM consumed) was correlated (r2 = 0.8) with a decrease in intake rate for the 3 diets

Morphological variation among geographic populations of the New World sand fly Lutzomyia quinquefer (Diptera, Phlebotominae) was analyzed and patterns detected that are probably associated with species emergence. This was achieved by examining the relationships of size and shape components of morphological attributes, and their correlation with geographic parameters. Quantitative and qualitative morphological characters are described, showing in both sexes differences among local populations from four Departments of Bolivia. Four arguments are then developed to reject the hypothesis of environment as the unique source of morphological variation: (1) the persistence of differences after removing the allometric consequences of size variation, (2) the association of local metric properties with meristic and qualitative attributes, rather than with altitude, (3) the positive and significant correlation between metric and geographic distances, and (4) the absence of a significant correlation between altitude and general-size of the insects.