RESUMO A cor natural influencia a decisão de compra de um produto de madeira. Mancha é uma decomposição fúngica da madeira de Pinus que afeta seus atributos estéticos e geralmente causa sua rejeição. O objetivo foi controlar mancha em madeira de Pinus com óleos essenciais cítricos. Agentes causadores de mancha em madeira de Pinus foram identificados por métodos moleculares em nível de gênero como Alternaria sp., Hypocrea sp., Trichoderma sp. e Geosmithia sp. Os óleos essenciais cítricos foram testados para controlar o crescimento de fungos. Para as sondas de madeira de Pinus tratada, foram determinados a adsorção e retenção de óleos essenciais cítricos, adesão fúngica e coloração da madeira como indicadores de crescimento fúngico. A composição dos óleos essenciais foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa. Os fungos foram sensíveis aos óleos essenciais ricos em D-limoneno, γ-terpineno, α-terpineol, geraniol, eugenol ou β-bisaboleno. Os dados de absorção e retenção sugerem que 12,37±1,62 kg/m3 é a quantidade mínima para inibir a adesão fúngica e o crescimento em madeira de Pinus. Os óleos essenciais cítricos controlam manchas da madeira de Pinus, mas a retenção deficiente deve ser melhorada.

ABSTRACT Natural color influences the decision to acquire a wood product. Sapstain is a fungal deterioration of pinewood that affects its aesthetic attributes and generally causes its rejection. The aim was to control the sapstain on pinewood with citrus essential oils. Causal agents of sapstain on pinewood were identified by molecular methods to genus level as Alternaria sp., Hypocrea sp., Trichoderma sp., and Geosmithia sp. Citrus essential oils were tested to control the fungal growth. For the treated pinewood probes, the adsorption and retention of citrus essential oils, fungal adhesion, and wood satin as fungal growth indicators were determined. The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography. Fungi were sensible to essential oils rich in D-limonene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, geraniol, eugenol, or β-bisabolene. Absorption and retention data suggest that 12.37±1.62 kg/m3 is the minimal amount to inhibit the fungal adhesion and growth on pinewood. Citrus essential oils control sapstain in pinewood, but poor retention should be improved.

This study evaluated the growth and content of volatile compounds (terpenes) of the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of nurite, Satureja macrostema, a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine. The effect of mineral fertilization (N - P - K) was analyzed in micropropagated plants (clones), cultivated in a greenhouse during 90 days. Three levels of N - P - K were applied every month in the following way: T2: 10 - 10 - 10; T3: 17 - 17 - 17 and T4: 20 - 20 - 20, besides a control T1: 1 g kg-1 of substrate. The plants fertilized with 20 - 20 - 20 (T4) attained the largest size, with 50.33 cm of height, 227.1 leaves per individual, 9.52 cm² of leaf area and 24.94 g of fresh weight (4.72 g of dry weight). The volatile compounds were examined by means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry; the most abundant were pulegone, limonene, linalool, menthone and verbenone. The main volatile compounds analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, were pulegone, limonene, linalool, menthone and verbenone. Many of these were obtained with treatment T4, in the following quantities: 45.95 µg g-1 (fresh weight) of pulegone, 2.17 µg g-1 of limonene, 10.79 µg g-1 of linalool and 3.06 µg g-1 of menthone; a reduced content of verbenone was found, compared to untreated plants. Fertilization with N-P-K (T4, 20-20-20) has a positive effect on growth and the content of volatile compounds of nurité (S. macrostema) plants compared to unfertilized plants.

El nurite, Satureja macrostema, tiene gran importancia en la medicina tradicional mexicana. El presente trabajo evaluó el crecimiento y contenido de compuestos volátiles en la parte aérea de esta especie. El efecto de la fertilización mineral N - P - K se analizó en plantas micropropagadas (clones), cultivadas por 90 días en invernadero. Se aplicaron tres niveles de N - P - K mensualmente, de la siguiente manera: T2: 10 - 10 - 10; T3: 17 - 17 - 17 y T4: 20 - 20 - 20, además de un tratamiento testigo, T1: 1 g kg-1 de sustrato. Las plantas del T4 tuvieron el mayor tamaño, con 50.33 cm de altura, 227.1 hojas por individuo, 9.52 cm² de área foliar y 24.94 g de peso fresco (4.72 g de peso seco). Los volátiles fueron examinados por cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. Se registraron con más abundancia: pulegona, limoneno, linalol, mentona y verbenona. Se determinaron cantidades superiores a las del testigo conforme fueron más altas las concentraciones de fertilizante; así, se extrajeron para el T4: 45.95 µg g-1 de pulegona, 2.17 µg g-1 de limoneno, 10.79 µg g-1 de linalol y 3.06 µg g-1 de mentona, excepto la verbenona que fue más cuantiosa en el T1. La fertilización con T4 resultó positiva, tanto para el crecimiento de la planta, como para la abundancia de volátiles, en comparación con las plantas no fertilizadas.

Rationale: A protective effect of the aqueous extract from Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb duramen on pinewood was reported. It was also attributed anti-nutritional and repellent action against dry wood termites Incisitermes marginipennis (Latreillé); it is considered a potential candidate for perishable dry wood preservation, whose possible toxicity must be studied. Objectives: To determine the toxicity of aqueous extract from E. cyclocarpum duramen. Methods: Mean inhibitory and lethal concentrations (IC50/LC50) of an aqueous extract from E. cyclocarpum duramen in organisms from different trophic levels. Results: LC50 for Artemia salina crustacean, I. marginipennis termite and Wistar rat were 1,3; 2 mg/mL and over 2 000 mg/kg ind respectively. In microbial isolates, IC50 was 300 mg. In MCF-7 tumor cell line, IC50 was 1,3 mg. Conclusions: When comparing observed IC50/LC50 with allowable toxicity limits, it was concluded that the extract under study was not toxic for these organisms.

Fundamentos: se reportó un efecto protector del extracto acuoso de madera de duramen de Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb en la madera de pino y se le atribuyó una acción antialimentaria y de repelencia en contra de la termita de madera seca Incisitermes marginipennis (Latreillé); se considera un potencial candidato para preservar madera seca perecedera del que se requiere conocer la toxicidad que pudiese causar. Objetivos: determinar la toxicidad de extracto acuoso de madera de duramen de E. cyclocarpum. Métodos: se determinaron las concentraciones inhibitorias y letales medias (CI50/CL50) de un extracto acuoso obtenido del duramen de E. cyclocarpum en organismos de diferentes niveles tróficos. Resultados: las CL50 para el crustáceo Artemia salina, la termita I. marginipennis y la rata Wistar fueron de 1,3; 2 mg/mL y > 2 000 mg/kg ind, respectivamente. En los aislados microbianos la CI50 fue >1 mg, mientras que en la bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae la CI50 fue de 300 mg. En la línea celular tumoral MCF-7 la CI50 fue de 1,3 mg. Conclusiones: al comparar las CI50/CL50 observadas con los límites permisibles de toxicidad se concluye que el extracto no es tóxico para estos organismos.