Abstract Background. The aim of this study was to validate five scales, based on a theoretical framework for the adoption of behaviours, designed to assess the determinants in binge drinking in adolescents, namely: attitude, social influence (model, norm and pressure) and self-efficacy. Methods. Observational, cross-sectional and multicentre study. Through convenience sampling, 397 adolescents between 15 to 18 years old enrolled in secondary schools in Seville and Huelva were included. After translation and review of the original instrument by a panel of experts, a questionnaire was obtained in Spanish that was administered to a pilot sample to assess comprehensibility and, subsequently, the participants completed the five scales to check the structural validity (factor analysis and reliability) and construct validity. Results. On the five scales, the first factor explained at least 28% of the variance and the total variance explained was always greater than 60%. After rotation, all items had weights >0.40 for the factor to which they belonged. Cronbach´s alpha ranged from 0.62 to 0.91. Spearman’s coefficient was lower than 0.7 when correlating the sub-dimensions of the scales, except on the self-efficacy scale, assuming multidimensionality with certain limitations. Conclusions. Five scales are presented with indications of reliability and validity, their items reflect the theoretical frame of reference and can evaluate the determinants of binge drinking. In the future, validation could be continued to determine its reproducibility, its criterion validity with a “gold standard” or objective measure.

Resumen Fundamento. Validar cinco escalas, basadas en un marco teórico para la adopción de comportamientos, que fueron diseñadas para evaluar los factores implicados en el consumo episódico excesivo de alcohol (CEEA) en adolescentes, concretamente: actitud, influencia social (Modelo, Norma y Presión) y autoeficacia. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal y multicéntrico. Mediante muestreo por conveniencia se incluyeron 397 adolescentes de 15 a 18 años escolarizados en institutos de Educación Secundaria de Sevilla y Huelva. Tras la traducción y revisión del instrumento por un panel de expertos se obtuvo un cuestionario en español que fue administrado a una muestra piloto para valorar la comprensibilidad y, posteriormente, los participantes completaron las cinco escalas para comprobar la validez estructural (análisis factorial y fiabilidad) y la validez de constructo. Resultados. En las cinco escalas, el primer factor explicó al menos el 28% de la varianza y la varianza total explicada fue siempre mayor que 60%. Tras la rotación, las cargas factoriales de los ítems fueron mayores a 0,40 para su factor de pertenencia. El alfa de Cronbach osciló desde 0,62 hasta 0,91. El coeficiente de Spearman fue menor a 0,7 al correlacionar las subdimensiones de las escalas, salvo en la escala de Autoeficacia, asumiendo multidimensionalidad con ciertas limitaciones. Conclusiones. Se presentan cinco escalas con indicios de fiabilidad y validez, cuyos ítems reflejan el marco teórico de referencia y que pueden evaluar los determinantes del CEEA. En el futuro se debería continuar con la validación para determinar su reproducibilidad, su validez de criterio con un “gold estándar” o medida objetiva.

Genetic diversity of Brazilian buffaloes is studied using a panel of twenty-five DNA microsatellite markers (CSSM41, CSSM8, CSRM60, CSSM33, BM1818, HEL13, MAF65, CSSME70, HSC,BRN, CSSM36, CSSM22, HAUT24, BM1824, SRCRSP8, TGLA227, ILSTS33, INRA23, BM8125, CSSM19, INRA37, CSSM66, ILSTS011, OarFCB48, SPS115). Forty samples randomly chosen from each of the Brazilian Buffaloes populations (Carabao, Jafarabadi, Mediterraneo, Murrah and Baio) were analyzed. Anyway the homogeneity test between observed and expected heterozygosity and the results of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium pointed out the stability of Baio and Carabao populations. Genetic distances, factorial analysis and individual assignation values showed that Baio, Mediterraneo and Murrah form a common genetic cluster as shown by their high genetic similarity in spite of their morphological divergence. That Carabao is a member of a different subspecies is confirmed. These findings demonstrate the success of Brazilian Baio and Carabao conservation efforts, and point to the need to develop new strategies of conservation for the remaining Brazilian buffalo populations.

Foi estudada a diversidade genética de búfalos do Brasil utilizando-se vinte e cinco marcadores microssatélites (CSSM41, CSSM8, CSRM60, CSSM33, BM1818, HEL13, MAF65, CSSME70, HSC, BRN, CSSM36, CSSM22, HAUT24, BM1824, SRCRSP8, TGLA227, ILSTS33, INRA23, BM8125, CSSM19, INRA37, CSSM66, ILSTS011, OarFCB48, SPS115). Foram analisadas amostras colhidas ao acaso de cinco populações, ou seja, raças Carabao, Jafarabadi, Mediterrâneo e Murrah, mais o tipo Baio. Em geral, os valores para a diferença entre as heterozigosidades (Ho - He) foram bastantes pequenas, significando equilíbrio nos marcadores utilizados para este tipo de estudo. Os valores do GST demonstraram um nível alto de diferenciação genética e os da estatística F: Fis (f), Fst (q) e Fit (F) demonstraram que os marcadores utilizados permitem inferir informações adequadas sobre as populações, podendo-se deduzir que os grupos Baio, Carabao, Jafarabadi e Mediterrâneo apresentam-se mais homogêneos que o grupo Murrah, o qual mostra níveis altos de endogamia. Os resultados dos estudos de distância genética mostraram que as populações de Baio, Mediterraneo e Murrah, agrupando-se em um cluster comum, demonstra alta similaridade genética, não obstante as suas divergências fenotípicas, confirmando que o grupo Carabao constitui uma diferente subespécie. Os resultados, principalmente das populações de Baio e Carabao, mostram o êxito do trabalho de con-servação genética e a necessidade de se desenvolver novas estratégias para a conservação do germoplasma dos búfalos do Brasil.

Goats are located predominantly in the dry Spain specially in Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Murcia and Extremadura. In this paper we have analyzed 867 samples of 18 Spanish goat populations from different parts of the Iberian Peninsula (Azpi-Gorri, Blanca de Rasquera, Blanca Andaluza, Blanca Celtibérica, Florida, Malagueña, Murciano-Granadina, Negra Serrana, Payoya and Retinta) and the Balearic (Ibicenca, Mallorquina and Formentera goat) and Canarian Archipelagos (Ajuí, Majorera, Palmera, Tenerife North and Tenerife South). Twenty-three microsatellites have been amplified and the withinbreed genetic variation has been calculated through the analysis of the mean number of alleles, heterozygosity and F IS The values of expected heterozygosity (He) per breed ranged from 0.524 to 0.721 in Palmera and Florida, respectively, while the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged between 0.515 and 0.705 in Palmera and Retinta, respectively. Goat genetic diversity in Spain is very high, with a mean number of alleles, expected and observed heterozigosities across the breeds of 7.04, 0.668 and 0.621, respectively.

La especie caprina se localiza predominantemente en la España seca con gran protagonismo de Andalucía, Castilla-La Mancha, Canarias, Murcia y Extremadura. En este trabajo se analizan 867 muestras de 18 poblaciones caprinas españolas provenientes de diferentes zonas de la Península Ibérica (Azpi-Gorri, Blanca de Rasquera, Blanca Andaluza, Blanca Celtibérica, Florida, Malagueña, Murciano-Granadina, Negra Serrana, Payoya y Retinta) y de los archipiélagos Balear (Ibicenca, Mallorquina y cabra de Formentera) y Canario (Ajuí, Majorera, Palmera, Tinerfeña del Norte y Tinerfeña del Sur). Se amplifican 23 microsatélites de ADN y se determina la variación genética de las razas mediante el análisis del número medio de alelos, la heterocigosis, y el estadístico F IS. Los valores de heterocigosis esperada (He) oscilan entre 0,524 en la raza Palmera y 0,721 en la Florida mientras que la heterocigosis observada (Ho) fluctúa entre 0,515 en la Palmera y 0,705 en la Retinta. En España existe una diversidad genética caprina elevada con valores de número medio de alelos, heterocigosis esperada y observada para todas las razas de 7,04, 0,668 y 0,621 respectivamente.

Guaymi creole cattle were characterized by a 27 microsatellite panel, selected from a recommendation of FAO/ISAG. Random samples of DNA were taken from Guaymi creole cattle population in the highlands of the Chiriqui province in Ngöbe-Buglé region in the Panama Republic. From each microsatellite, was calculated the polymorphic information content (PIC), mean number of alleles (Na), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), the F IS statistic, the exact test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Besides a bottleneck study was calculated in this population. The result of the analysis show a PIC: 0.6899; Ne: 4.04; He: 0.7243; Ho: 0.7088; F IS: 0.0356. Three microsatellites were in unbalance (p<0.05). The Results are considered in the same range of values from other creoles, exotics and Spanish native populations. It requires more detailed studies of these populations and its relation to other cattle populations. No bottleneck was showed in the recent past.

Se caracterizó la población bovina Guaymí con un panel de 27 microsatélites seleccionados a partir de las recomendaciones hechas por la FAO/ISAG. Se analizaron muestras aleatorias de ADN obtenidas de la población bovina criolla Guaymí que se encuentran ubicadas en el área que comprende la comarca indígena Ngöbe-Buglé en la zona montañosa de la provincia de Chiriquí en la República de Panamá. Para cada microsatélite se calcularon el contenido de información polimórfica (PIC), el número medio de alelos (Na), la heterocigosis observada (Ho), la heterocigosis esperada (He), el estadístico F IS, y equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg (HWE). Además se calculó si existía cuello de botella en esta población. Los valores obtenidos fueron: PIC: 0,6899; Ne: 4,04; He: 0,7243; Ho: 0,7088; F IS: 0,0356. Se observaron tres microsatélites en desequilibrio (p<0,05). Los valores encontrados se consideran dentro de los rangos obtenidos en otras poblaciones criollas, exóticas y autóctonas españolas. Se requiere realizar estudios más detallados de estas poblaciones y su relación con otras poblaciones bovinas. No se observa cuello de botella en el pasado reciente de esta población.

Determinou-se a estrutura da raça Murciano-Granadina, usando-se 25 microssatélites e 266 animais de sete populações. Os resultados da diferenciação genética mostram que é possível diferenciar populações de Murciana e Granadina, apesar dos baixos valores de F ST obtidos - 0.0432. Os indivíduos foram designados às suas populações com taxa de sucesso superior a 80%. A análise bayesiana de agrupamento das frequências alélicas e a análise multivariada revelaram que as populações Murciana e Granadina foram agrupadas em diferentes clusters, uma vez que o melhor K obtido foi três. Os resultados demonstraram que Murciana e Granadina ainda são dois grupos genéticos distintos incluídos na denominação Murciano-Granadina. É possível manejar geneticamente essas populações dentro de um único livro de registro, porém adotando-se as modificações necessárias em relação à conservação e à diversidade genética, com base no uso de modelos de avaliação multirracial.

The population structure of the Murciano-Granadina breed was determined using 25 microsatellites from 266 goats of seven populations. The results of the genetic differentiation analysis showed that it is possible to differentiate the Murciana and Granadina populations even though a low F ST value (0.0432) had been obtained. Individuals could be assigned to their populations with a success rate of more than 80%. Bayesian-based clustering analysis of allele frequencies and multivariate analysis revealed that Murciana and Granadina populations were grouped in different clusters since K=3. The results demonstrate that Murciana and Granadina are still two different genetic groups included into Murciano-Granadina denomination. There is the opportunity to the genetically manage these populations, under a single herd-book but adding the necessary modifications to respect the conservation of the genetic diversity based on the use of multibreed models of genetic evaluation.

Castor oil, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (2,4 TDI), cellulose acetate, and hydroxiethyl cellulose, based polyurethane (PU) - polyacrylic acid (PAA) sequential interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) were synthesized. PU's were prepared by reaction of hydroxyl groups from castor oil, and cellulose acetate or hydroxiethyl cellulose with 2,4 TDI, using dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBDTL) as catalyst. PU's were swollen in acrylic acid monomer solution and subsequently polymerized by radical polymerization initiated with 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), and N,N'-methylenebis acrylamide (NNMBA) as crosslinking agent. Series of three PU/PAA ratios (75/25, 50/50, 25/75) were prepared. Viscoelastic properties were studied by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), showing a maximum modulus for IPN with 25% PAA content. Tan d curve showed two main peaks, and ? relaxation which is due to lateral chains of PU, suggesting phase separation. The existence of two Tg in each IPN was also confirmed by differential scanning calorimeter DSC). Morphology of samples was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed different fracture surfaces between the compatible and incompatible PU/PAA ratios studied. Fractures were decreasing to turn into roughness surfaces when the PAA was increasing within the IPN's.

This is a genetic characterisation of the Blanca Serrana Andaluza goat breed based on microsatellite markers. Fifty animals from five herds were typed with a set of 27 microsatellites proposed by the FAO and ISAG for biodiversity studies. Our results showed that this is an extremely endangered breed, though it still possesses a high level of genetic variability, as demonstrated by the values for the expected and observed mean heterozygosity (0.71 and 0.66, respectively). All microsatellites were polymorphic, showing a mean number of alleles of 8.22. The present situation of the breed indicates that most of the microsatellites (18) show a H-W equilibrium, and the Fis shows a low value (0.07), suggesting a good strategy in the conservation plan of the breed.