Resumen: Durante la adolescencia, las funciones ejecutivas frías y calientes aún se están desarrollando, lo que hace importante evaluar e intervenir si hay cambios. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar, a través de una revisión sistemática, qué intervenciones en funciones ejecutivas han sido estudiadas en adolescentes típicos, se incluyen funciones ejecutivas calientes y frías, y se busca identificar los efectos de estas intervenciones en dicha población. La búsqueda se realizó según el método PRISMA en la base de datos PubMed. De los 315 estudios hallados inicialmente, solo cinco artículos pasaron los criterios de exclusión y el análisis por parte de los jueces. Los estudios seleccionados revelaron un mayor efecto de las intervenciones sobre las funciones ejecutivas frías que sobre las calientes; lo que puede corroborar datos previos que sugieren que las funciones ejecutivas calientes tardan más en estimularse que las frías. Solo uno de los cinco estudios estimuló conjuntamente las funciones ejecutivas frías y calientes, lo que revela la necesidad de más investigación en el área. El pequeño número de artículos seleccionados, a pesar de limitar las conclusiones, refuerza la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones sobre la intervención en funciones ejecutivas frías y calientes en adolescentes con desarrollo típico.

Abstract: During adolescence, hot and cold executive functions are still developing, making it essential to assess and intervene if changes occur. The present study aims to identify, through a systematic review, which interventions in executive functions have been studied in typical adolescents, including hot and cold executive functions, seeking to determine the effects of these interventions in this segment. The search was conducted according to the PRISMA method in the PubMed database. Of the 315 articles initially located, five remained after applying exclusion criteria and analyzing by judges. The selected articles revealed a more significant effect of interventions on cold executive functions than hot ones, which may corroborate previous data suggesting that hot executive functions take longer to be stimulated than cold ones. Only one of the five articles jointly stimulated cold and hot executive functions, which reveals the need for more research in the area. The small number of articles selected, despite limiting the conclusions, reinforces the need to conduct more research on intervention in hot and cold executive functions in typically developing adolescents.

Resumo: Durante a adolescência, as funções executivas frias e quentes estão ainda em desenvolvimento, o que torna importante avaliar e intervir caso haja alterações. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, quais as intervenções em funções executivas vêm sendo estudadas em adolescentes típicos, incluindo funções executivas quentes e frias, buscando identificar os efeitos dessas intervenções nessa população. A busca foi conduzida de acordo com o método PRISMA na base PubMed. Dos 315 estudos inicialmente localizados, cinco artigos restaram após aplicação de critérios de exclusão e análise de juízes. Os estudos selecionados revelaram maior efeito das intervenções sobre funções executivas frias do que sobre as quentes, o que pode corroborar dados anteriores que sugerem que as funções executivas quentes demandam mais tempo para serem estimuladas do que as frias. Apenas um dos cinco estudos estimulou conjuntamente funções executivas frias e quentes, o que revela necessidade de mais pesquisas na área. O pequeno número de artigos selecionados, apesar de limitar as conclusões, reforça a necessidade de condução de mais pesquisas sobre intervenção em funções executivas quentes e frias em adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate changes in the serum concentration and renal expression of IL-1 and TNF-α cytokines in rats that received sevoflurane and glibenclamide prior to hemorrhage. METHODS: Two groups of sevoflurane-anesthetized Wistar rats (n=10): G1 (control) and G2 (glibenclamide, 1 µg/g i.v.); hemorrhage of 30% blood volume (10% every 10 min), with replacement using Ringer solution, 5 ml/kg/h. Serum concentrations of IL-1 and TNF-α were studied in the first hemorrhage (T1) and 50 min later (T2), renal expression, at T2. RESULTS: In serum, G1 TNF-α (pg/mL) was T1=178.6±33.5, T2=509.2±118.8 (p<0.05); IL-1 (pg/mL) was T1=148.8±31.3, T2=322.6±115.4 (p<0.05); in G2, TNF-α was T1=486.2±83.6, T2=261.8±79.5 (p<0.05); IL-1 was T1=347.0±72.0, T2= 327.3±90.9 (p>0.05). The expression of TNF-α and IL-1 in the glomerular and tubular cells was significantly higher in the G2 group. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhage and glibenclamide elevated TNF-α and IL-1 concentrations in serum and kidneys. High levels of TNF-α already present before the hemorrhage in the glibenclamide group may have attenuated the damages found in the kidneys after the ischemia event.

A new multiplex assay platform was evaluated to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection using the recombinant antigens CRA, FRA, CRAFRA fusion and parasite lysate. The antigens presented different sensitivity and specificity in a singleplex test when compared to a serial dilution of two pools comprising 10 positive serum samples and one pool of 10 negative samples. The recombinant protein CRA presented lower sensitivity (55%) in contrast to the 100% specificity and sensitivity of FRA, CRAFRA and T. cruzi lysate. These antigens also showed good results in a duplex test and the duplex test with CRAFRA/T. cruzi lysate showed better performance with 100% specificity and sensitivity, as well as a lower cut-off value in comparison to the other duplex test, FRA/T. cruzi lysate. Hence, when the antigens were used in duplex format, both tests showed decreased cut-off values and no interference between different bead sets, resulting in increasing sensitivity and specificity. The results of these multiplex tests show that they could be an alternative to singleplex detection for Chagas disease, and also indicate the necessity of using multiplex diagnostic tools to increase the sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic tests. Emerging data from the T. cruzi genome and from its ORFeome project will also allow the identification of new antigens for this disease detection application.

Partimos de pesquisa anterior que triangulou métodos ao investigar se a violência impede a garantia dos direitos dos idosos. A uma amostra de conveniência de 72 idosos (60 ou mais anos), de ambos os sexos, aplicamos um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas e entrevistamos 22 informantes-chave (idosos, líderes comunitários e representantes de órgãos públicos). Neste recorte, investigamos a rede de proteção ao idoso do município do Rio de Janeiro (instituições, fluxo do atendimento, articulação, denúncias que chegam e medidas tomadas). Analisamos 763 registros de ocorrências da Delegacia do Idoso e 135 do NEAPI, atendidas em 2004. Destacamos a violência doméstica perpetrada por parentes próximos. Apontamos a necessidade de estruturação da rede formal com aumento do número de instituições de proteção ao idoso, capacitação profissional, comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos que a compõem. Julgamos importante estimular as redes informais de apoio e proteção aos idosos.

This article is based on previous studies using triangulation of methods for investigating if violence is obstructing the rights of the elderly. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was applied to a convenience sample of 72 elderly (60 or more years of age) of both sexes. Twenty-two key-informants (elderly people, community leaders and representatives of public institutions) were interviewed. In this survey we investigate the net for protection to the elderly of the city of Rio de Janeiro (institutions, assistance flow, integration, denunciations and measures taken). We analyzed 763 records of occurrences of the Police Department for the Aged and 135 of the NEAPI (Nucleus for Special Assistance for the Aged), taken care of in 2004. We emphasize domestic violence committed by close relatives and point to the need of structuring the formal net through increasing the number of institutions for protection to the aged, professional qualification, communication and integration among the agencies composing the net. We also consider important stimulating the informal nets for support and protection to the elderly.

Partimos de pesquisa anterior que triangulou métodos ao investigar se a violência impede a garantia dos direitos dos idosos. A uma amostra de conveniência de 72 idosos (60 ou mais anos), de ambos os sexos, aplicamos um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas e entrevistamos 22 informantes-chave (idosos, líderes comunitários e representantes de órgãos públicos). Neste recorte, investigamos a rede de proteção ao idoso do município do Rio de Janeiro (instituições, fluxo do atendimento, articulação, denúncias que chegam e medidas tomadas). Analisamos 763 registros de ocorrências da Delegacia do Idoso e 135 do NEAPI, atendidas em 2004. Destacamos a violência doméstica perpetrada por parentes próximos. Apontamos a necessidade de estruturação da rede formal com aumento do número de instituições de proteção ao idoso, capacitação profissional, comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos que a compõem. Julgamos importante estimular as redes informais de apoio e proteção aos idosos.

This article is based on previous studies using triangulation of methods for investigating if violence is obstructing the rights of the elderly. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was applied to a convenience sample of 72 elderly (60 or more years of age) of both sexes. Twenty-two key-informants (elderly people, community leaders and representatives of public institutions) were interviewed. In this survey we investigate the net for protection to the elderly of the city of Rio de Janeiro (institutions, assistance flow, integration, denunciations and measures taken). We analyzed 763 records of occurrences of the Police Department for the Aged and 135 of the NEAPI (Nucleus for Special Assistance for the Aged), taken care of in 2004. We emphasize domestic violence committed by close relatives and point to the need of structuring the formal net through increasing the number of institutions for protection to the aged, professional qualification, communication and integration among the agencies composing the net. We also consider important stimulating the informal nets for support and protection to the elderly.

The enzymes encoded by the polymorphic genes CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 play an important role in the activation and inactivation of xenobiotics. These enzymes have been associated with xenobiotic-induced diseases, such as cancer, therapeutic failure and adverse effects of drugs. The aim of the present study was to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies of these polymorphisms in a large, ethnically mixed Brazilian population sample from Rio de Janeiro. Polymorphisms CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 were determined in 870 unrelated individuals by PCR-RFLP analysis in peripheral blood DNA. The observed allelic frequencies were 0.90 for CYP1A1*1A and 0.95 for CYP2E1*1A, in the total sample. The allelic frequency of CYP1A1*2C in "pardos" (0.13) and Brazilian whites (0.11) was higher than in Caucasians (0.05), which may be a result of the Amerindian genetic component, that presents the highest frequency of this allele observed up to now. The genotype distributions for both polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and were statistically different between males and females, and among ethnic groups.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Existem controvérsias quanto à possibilidade de a analgesia de parto interferir no andamento do trabalho de parto e na vitalidade do recém-nascido. O objetivo deste estudo foi a interação entre analgesia do parto pelas técnicas peridural contínua e duplo bloqueio, com pequena dose de anestésico local, e o tipo de parto ocorrido, pela análise do peso e índice de Apgar do recém-nascido. MÉTODO: Analisaram-se, prospectivamente, os resultados de 168 analgesias de parto (janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2003), divididas em quatro grupos: G1 (n = 58) peridural contínua e evolução para parto vaginal; G2 (n = 69) duplo bloqueio e evolução para parto vaginal; G3 (n = 25) peridural contínua e evolução para cesariana; G4 (n = 16) duplo bloqueio e evolução para cesariana. Para G1 foi administrada ropivacaína a 0,125% (12 a 15 mL), para G2, bupivacaína a 0,5% (0,5 a 1 mL), sufentanil (10 mg), por via subaracnóidea. Administrou-se ropivacaína a 0,5%, por via peridural, para o parto vaginal (8 mL) e para cesariana (20 mL). Avaliaram-se idade, peso, altura, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), idade gestacional (IG), paridade e complicações (hipotensão arterial, bradicardia e hipóxia), e, do recém-nascido, peso e índice de Apgar (1º, 5º e 10º min). RESULTADOS: A maioria das parturientes era primigesta, com gestação de termo (uma IG de 28 semanas e nenhum pós-datismo), com peso, G2 < G4, e, IMC, G2 £ G4. Para o peso do RN, G1 < G3 e G2 < G4, e o Apgar do 1º min, G1 > G3. CONCLUSÕES: As técnicas de analgesia, peridural contínua e duplo bloqueio, com pequenas doses de anestésico local, não apresentaram interação com o resultado do parto, se a análise estiver focalizada no peso e no índice de Apgar do recém-nascido.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are controversies regarding whether labor analgesia can interfere with labor and the vitality of the newborn. The objective of this study was the interaction between labor analgesia, using the continuous epidural and combined spinal-epidural techniques with a small dose of local anesthetic, and the type of delivery analyzing the newborn's weight and Apgar score. METHODS: The results of 168 labor analgesias (from January 2002 to January 2003) were analyzed. They were divided in 4 groups: G1 (n = 58), continuous epidural and evolution to vaginal delivery; G2 (n = 69), combined spinal-epidural and evolution to vaginal delivery; G3 (n = 25), continuous epidural and evolution to cesarean; G4 (n = 16), combined spinal-epidural and evolution to cesarean. G1 received 0.125% ropivacaine (12 to 15 mL), G2 received subarachnoid 0.5% bupivacaine (0.5 to 1 mL) and sufentanil (10 mg). Epidural ropivacaine 0.5% for the vaginal delivery (8 mL) and for cesarean (20 mL). The patient's age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), gestational age, number of prior pregnancies, and complications (arterial hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxia) and the newborn's weight and Apgar score (at 1, 5, and 10 minutes) were evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of pregnant women were primiparous and presented with a term pregnancy (one with gestational age of 28 weeks and none post-term pregnancy); weight, G2 < G4; and MBI, G2 £ G4. For the weight of the newborn, G1 < G3 and G2 < G4, and for the Apgar score at 1st minute, G1 > G3. CONCLUSIONS: If the analysis focuses the newborn's weight and Apgar score, the techniques of analgesia, continuous epidural and combined spinal-epidural with small doses of local anesthetic, do not interfere with the result of the delivery.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Existen controversias en cuanto a la posibilidad de que la analgesia de parto interfiera en el trabajo de parto y en la vitalidad del recién nacido. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de analizar la interacción entre la analgesia del parto por las técnicas peridural continua y doble bloqueo, con una pequeña dosis de anestésico local, y el tipo de parto ocurrido, a través del análisis del peso e índice de Apgar del recién nacido. MÉTODO: Se analizaron, en estudios de prospección, los resultados de 168 analgesias de parto (de enero de 2002 a enero de 2003), divididas en 4 grupos: G1 (n = 58) peridural continua y evolución para parto vaginal; G2 (n = 69) doble bloqueo y evolución para parto vaginal; G3 (n = 25) peridural continua y evolución para cesárea; G4 (n = 16) doble bloqueo y evolución para cesárea. Para G1 se administró ropivacaína a 0,125% (12 a 15 mL), para G2, bupivacaína a 0,5% (0,5 a 1 mL), sufentanil (10 mg), por vía subaracnoidea. Se administró ropivacaína a 0,5%, por vía peridural, para el parto vaginal (8 mL) y para cesárea (20 mL). Se evaluaron la edad, el peso, la altura, el índice de masa corpórea (IMC), tiempo de gestación (TG), paridad y complicaciones (hipotensión arterial, bradicardia y hipoxia), y del RN, peso e índice de Apgar (1º, 5º y 10º min). RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las parturientes era primeriza, después de la 38ª semana de gestación (una TG de 28 semanas y ningún pos-datismo), con peso, G2 < G4, y IMC, G2 £ G4. Para el peso del RN, G1 < G3 y G2 < G4, y el Apgar del 1º min, G1 > G3. CONCLUSIONES: Las técnicas de analgesia, peridural continua y doble bloqueo, con pequeñas dosis de anestésico local, no presentaron interacción con el resultado del parto, si el análisis está centrado en el peso y en el índice de Apgar del recién nacido.

From March 1996 to August 1997, a study was carried out in a malaria endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon region. In vivo sensitivity evaluation to antimalarial drugs was performed in 129 patients. Blood samples (0.5 ml) were drawn from each patient and cryopreserved to proceed to in vitro studies. In vitro sensitivity evaluation performed using a radioisotope method was carried out with the cryopreserved samples from September to December 1997. Thirty-one samples were tested for chloroquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, quinine, arteether and atovaquone. Resistance was evidenced in 96.6% (29/30) of the samples tested for chloroquine, 3.3% (1/30) for quinine, none (0/30) for mefloquine and none for halofantrine (0/30). Overall low sensitivity was evidenced in 10% of the samples tested for quinine, 22.5% tested for halofantrine and in 20% tested for mefloquine. Means of IC 50 values were 132.2 (SD: 46.5) ng/ml for chloroquine, 130.6 (SD: 49.6) ng/ml for quinine, 3.4 (SD: 1.3) ng/ml for mefloquine, 0.7 (SD: 0.3) ng/ml for halofantrine, 1 (SD: 0.6) ng/ml for arteether and 0.4 (SD: 0.2) ng/ml for atovaquone. Means of chloroquine IC 50 of the tested samples were comparable to that of the chloroquine-resistant strain W2 (137.57 ng/ml) and nearly nine times higher than that of the chloroquine-sensitive strain D6 (15.09 ng/ml). Means of quinine IC 50 of the tested samples were 1.7 times higher than that of the low sensitivity strain W2 (74.84 ng/ml) and nearly five times higher than that of the quinine-sensitive strain D6 (27.53 ng/ml). These results disclose in vitro high resistance levels to chloroquine, low sensitivity to quinine and evidence of decreasing sensitivity to mefloquine and halofantrine in the area under evaluation.