ABSTRACT Background: Rabies is an anthropozoonosis that greatly impacts public health and is transmitted by infected mammals. Aggression by animals is notifiable and may result in anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). This study aimed to characterize anti-rabies PEP notifications in São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using data provided by the SINAN between 2013 and 2017. Results: A total of 572,889 aggressions were recorded during the study period, characterized mostly by dogs (83.5%), single wounds (56.9%), superficial wounds (58.6%), and hands/feet (34.6%). Conclusions: Animal observation was the most frequent recommendation, even in cases of attacks from non-domestic animals.

Abstract Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) plays an important role in the process of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Substances of natural origin have been studied in the prevention of oxidative damage related to I/R. Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant potential and modulate enzymes, such the inhibition of the Rennin-Angiotensin System (RAS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of quercetin against the I/R and analyze the inhibition of RAS. Rhesus monkey Kidney Epithelial Cells (LLC-MK2 line) were submitted to an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model. After the reperfusion cells were treated with quercetin, the cell viability was accessed by the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. Tubular cell damage was assessed by the Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) measurement. Oxidative stress was evaluated through Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The evaluation of cell death and the mitochondrial depolarization were analyzed by flow cytometry. Quercetin prevents cell death reducing oxidative stress and preventing mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Molecular docking showed that quercetin prevents cell damage better than losartan and lisinopril, inhibitors of RAS. Quercetin has a potential to interact with type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) with greater affinity through the formation of five hydrogen bonds of strong intensity.

Solitary fibrous tumors are rare mesenchymal neoplasms. Although first reported in the pleura, they were described at extrapeural sites, but they are uncommon in the female genital tract (less than 30 cases reported). We present a case of solitary fibrous tumor arising from uterine cervix with a benign course, as well as its histopathological and immunohistochemical features that helped establishing the diagnosis.

Thrombocytopenia is the second most common haematological disorder during pregnancy, affecting 5-12% of pregnancies. Defining the cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnant women must consider not only causes related to pregnancy, but also those that occur in general population. It imposes a particular approach, because of the possible consequences to both mother and neonate. The authors review the most common causes of thrombocytopenia in pregnant and postpartum women and how to manage this condition (from the clinical history, physical examination to complementary diagnostic exams). Treatment, prognosis and monitoring and their specificities in pregnancy are also discussed in this review.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of atenolol in inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress in a myocardial injury by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rat model. Methods: Adult Wistar male rats were randomly (n=8), anesthetized and divided in: Sham: submitted to operation only; group SS+IR: intravenous saline infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); group AT+IR: intravenous atenolol infusion (2 mg/kg) following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); and group AT+I+AT+R: intravenous atenolol infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and in the time 45 minutes other atenolol doses were administrated and the artery was open for 120 minutes (reperfusion), all animals were submitted to muscular relaxation for mechanical ventilation. In the end of experiment the animals were euthanized and the hearts tissue were morphology analyzed by histology and malondialdehyde by ELISA, and the plasma were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha by ELISA. Results: The group SS+IR demonstrated the higher malondialdehyde levels when compared with the atenolol treated-groups (p=0.001) in the heart tissue. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in plasma decrease in the treated groups when compared with SS+IR group (p=0.001). Histology analyses demonstrate pyknosis, edema, cellular vacuolization, presence of inflammatory infiltrate and band contraction in the heart tissue of the rats. Conclusion: Atenolol significantly reduce the degree of cardiac damage after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.

ResumenLa tortuga amazónica Podocnemis expansa Schweigger, 1812 es un recurso muy importante para las poblaciones ribereñas de fauna de la región amazónica, además de ser una de las principales especies enumeradas para la producción en cautiverio. El consumo de esta especie como alimento en la región ha generado una demanda de estudios sobre salud animal y sus posibles impactos en la salud pública. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la microbiota gastrointestinal de las tortugas amazónicas en cautiverio y vida libre, y la influencia del hábitat en la composición de la flora. Un total de 116 tortugas adultas, de ambos sexos fueron elegidas, y 51 fueron capturados en la isla de São Miguel, Santarém (PA), 50 animales en cautiverio para comercio y 15 provenían de un criadero de reproducción para la conservación, que se encuentra en la región metropolitana de Belém. De cada animal se recogió material biológico de la cloaca y se envió al laboratorio de la Universidad Federal de Pará, Brazil. De 116 muestras se obtuvieron 245 aislamientos bacterianos en el que 83 (33.87 %) eran de animales de vida libre, y 162 (65.72 %) de cautiverio. Especies de Klebsiella pneumoniae fueron los aislamientos más frecuentes de las 52 muestras, 21.22 % del crecimiento total de bacterias, seguido de Enterobacter cloacae 29 %, (35/14), Serratia marcescens 84 % (11/29) y Salmonella spp. 80 % (24/9). En las tortugas de vida libre, los microorganismos aislados corresponden a los géneros: Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter y Aeromonas. Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. marcescens, E. cloacae y Salmonella spp. presentaron frecuencias altas en animales de cautiverio. Este resultado muestra una mayor diversidad de microorganismos en animales de vida libre y muestras con alta contaminación en animales de cautiverio. Las especies de Salmonella spp., E. coli y Acinetobacter spp., pueden ser sugeridas como indicadores de la calidad sanitaria de las poblaciones de la tortuga amazónica. Sin embargo el estudio reveló que el hábitat influyó en la composición de la flora gastrointestinal de las tortugas. El conocimiento de la flora gastrointestinal de los animales es de suma importancia en la identificación de los agentes patógenos presentes en la fauna nativa de la región amazónica.

Abstract The turtle Podocnemis expansa is an important wildlife species from the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. This also represents an important resource for coastal communities, as it has been historically consumed as food. Nevertheless, besides the sustainability issues, recent concerns have been raised over the health of the animals and possible impacts on public health. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae in the intestinal tract of captive and free living Amazon turtles. We examined a total of 116 adult turtles, including 51 free individuals from the island of Sao Miguel, in Santarém (Pará-PA) town, 50 captive business, and 15 from a conservation breeding area, located in the metropolitan area of Belém (PA). In total we obtained 245 bacterial growths in which 83 (33.8 %) were from the free ranging turtles, and 162 (65.7 %) isolates from captive animals. The species Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent, with 52 isolates, totaling 21.2 % of bacterial growth, followed by Enterobacter cloacae 29 % (35/14), Serratia marcescens 84 % (29/11), and Salmonella spp. 80 % (24/9). In free ranging turtles the most commonly isolated microorganisms were Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., and Citrobacter spp.; while Aeromonas spp., Klebsiela pneumoniae, S. marcescens, E. cloacae and Salmonella spp. were the most frequently identified microorganisms in captive animals. Results showed a greater diversity of microorganisms among the wild animals, and a high contamination per sample on captive animals. The species of Salmonella spp., E. coli and Acinetobacter spp. can be used as indicators of the sanitary quality of Amazon turtle populations. The habitat influenced the composition of the gastrointestinal flora of turtles. Knowledge of the gastrointestinal flora of animals is important for the identification of pathogens present in the native fauna of the Amazon region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 1083-1089. Epub 2015 December 01.

<title>Abstract</title><sec><title>Background:</title><p>This investigation aimed to evaluate the occurrence of some apoptotic features induced by <italic>Leptospira interrogans</italic> serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection in young BALB/c mice during 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>The animals were euthanized and lung, liver and kidneys were harvested to histopathology analysis and immunohistochemistry to caspase-3 antigen detection was performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>Chromatin condensation in kidney and liver tissues, but not in lung tissue, was observed. Caspase-3 reactive cells, mainly characterized as renal epithelial cells, were detected in the days 14 and 21 at high levels when compared to days 2,4 and 7 (p = 0.025; p <0.05). Lung sections revealed caspase-3 labeled alveolar cells in 10 and 14 days post-infection was higher than observed at 7 days (p = 0.0497; p < 0.05). Liver sections demonstrated reactive cells at a highest level at 14 and 21 days post-infection when comparison to 2,4, 7 and 10 days (p = 0.0069; p<0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Our results suggest that infection of L <italic>interrogans</italic> induce in kidney, liver and lung an activation of apoptosis mediated by caspase-3 dependent pathway in later phases of infectious process.</p></sec>

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da ventilação mecânica com alta concentração de oxigênio em animais adultos e idosos. MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito ratos machos (adultos e idosos; n=7 por grupo) foram divididos em ventilados por 1 hora (G-AV1 e G-EV1) e ventilados por 3 horas (G-AV3 e G-EV3). Os grupos receberam volume corrente de 7 mL/kg, pressão positive ao final da expiração de 5 cmH2O, frequência respiratória de 70 ciclos por minuto e fração inspirada de oxigênio de 100%. Ao final do experimento avaliamos no lavado brônquio-alveolar as proteínas totais, malondialdeído, celularidade e a histomorfometria do parênquima pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Em animais idosos ventilados por 1 hora (G-EV1) as proteínas totais no lavado brônquio-alveolar aumentaram (33.0±1.9 µg/mL) quando comparados com os adultos (G-AV1; 23.0±2.0 µg/mL). Após 180 minutos de ventilação mecânica os níveis de malondialdeído e as proteínas totais estavam elevadas nos animais idosos (G-EV3) quando comparadas com os adultos (G-AV3; p<0.001). No grupo de animais idosos (G-EV3) observamos ainda dilatação dos septos alveolares e aumento significativo no número de neutrófilos em relação aos adultos ventilados, tanto aos 60 quanto aos 180 minutos de ventilação mecânica (p<0.001). CONCLUSÃO: A ventilação mecânica com alta fração inspirada de oxigênio por um curto período de tempo favoreceu os parâmetros pulmonares estudados nos animais idosos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of mechanical ventilation (MV) of high-oxygen concentration in pulmonary dysfunction in adult and elderly rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight adult (A) and elderly (E), male rats were ventilated for 1 hour (G-AV1 and G-EV1) or for 3 hours (G-AV3 and G-EV3). A and E groups received a tidal volume of 7 mL/kg, a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O, respiratory rate of 70 cycles per minute, and an inspiratory fraction of oxygen of 1. We evaluated total protein content and malondialdehyde in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and performed lung histomorphometrical analyses. RESULTS: In G-EV1 animals, total protein in BAL was higher (33.0±1.9 µg/mL) compared with G-AV1 (23.0±2.0 µg/mL). Upon 180 minutes of MV, malondialdehyde levels increased in elderly (G-EV3) compared with adult (G-AV3) groups. Malondialdehyde and total proteins in BAL after 3 hours of MV were higher in elderly group than in adults. In G-EV3 group we observed alveolar septa dilatation and significative increase in neutrofiles number in relation to adult group at 60 and 180 minutes on MV. CONCLUSION: A higher fraction of inspired oxygen in short courses of mechanical ventilation ameliorates the parameters studied in elderly lungs.

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade associar a cinética da resposta humoral à recuperação de leptospiras viáveis e à intensidade das lesões teciduais em camundongos geneticamente selecionados para bons (High) e maus (Low) produtores de anticorpos (seleção IV-A), além de camundongos outbreed, Balb/c, inoculados com amostra patogênica de Leptospira interrogans sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae. As linhagens High e Low (seleção IV-A) apresentam modificações em alguns compartimentos da resposta imune, principalmente em relação à atividade macrofágica, representando fenótipos extremos encontrados em populações naturais heterogêneas. Os camundongos foram sacrificados em oito momentos após a infecção. A análise dos resultados revelou que a partir do 7º dia após a infecção, os camundongos da linhagem High apresentaram elevação nos títulos de anticorpos estatisticamente significantes quando comparados aos camundongos da linhagem Low, mantendo assim o efeito multiespecífico. Os camundongos Balb/c apresentaram resultados intermediários entre as duas linhagens. A produção de anticorpos colaborou como fator limitante à infecção, pois quando obteve-se maior recuperação de leptospiras, na fase inicial da infecção, os títulos de anticorpos encontravam-se em elevação. As lesões observadas nos órgãos de camundongos infectados consistiram basicamente nos mesmos processos inflamatórios e degenerativos, que não se alteraram, variando apenas o grau de comprometimento tecidual, de acordo com a linhagem. A linhagem high apresentou lesões mais extensas que as apresentadas pelas linhagens low e Balb/c, sendo que nesta última as lesões foram moderadas. De forma geral a linhagem High e Balb/c apresentaram um perfil de resposta Th2, com o maior índice de produção de anticorpos e gravidade das lesões, enquanto a linhagem Low apresentou um perfil de resposta Th1.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the association among the kinetics of humoral immune response, the recovery of viable leptospiras and the intensity of the tissue lesions in mice selected for high (H) and low (L) production of antibodies (selection IV-A) and in mice from the outbreed Balb/c line, inoculated with pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. The H and L lines showed modifications in some steps of the immune response, mainly in relation to the macrophagic activity, representing extreme phenotypes found in heterogeneous natural populations. Mice were sacrificed in eight moments after the infection. Analysis of the results revealed that from the 7th day after the infection, on line H mice presented antibodies titles significantly higher as compared to the L line mice, maintaining the multispecific effect Balb/c line mice showed intermediate results between the two lines. Antibodies production worked as a limiting factor to the infection, because when a greater leptospiras recovery was obtained, at the initial phase of the infection, the titles of antibodies were elevated. Inflammatory and degenerative process led to similar lesions in the organs of infected mice. Only a variation in the degree of tissue compromising was observed according to the line. H line mice showed more extensive lesions than L and Balb/c lines mice. For the Balb/c line mice, the lesions were moderate. As a rule, H and Balb/c mice lines showed a Th2 profile of immune response, with higher indexes of antibody production and gravity of the lesions, while L line mice presented a Th1 profile of immune response.

Objetivo: Identificar os microrganismos da conjuntiva ocular de cães clinicamente sadios na região de Araçatuba (SP), no verão e no inverno. Métodos: Foram utilizados quarenta cães, machos e fêmeas, com idade variando entre 2 e 5 anos. Após limpeza ocular com água tratada, foram realizadas colheitas de material do saco conjuntival inferior com auxílio de "swabs" estéreis, para posterior isolamento e identificação de bactérias aeróbicas, anaeróbicas e fungos. Resultados: As bactérias de maior ocorrência foram o Staphylococcus aureus e o Staphylococcus beta-haemolyticus. O fungo de maior ocorrência foi Penicilium sp. Conclusão: Pôde-se concluir que houve variação da microbiota conjuntival normal em função da estação do ano. Dos microrganismos isolados, o único que apresentou diferença estatística significativa quanto à incidência sazonal foi o Staphylococcus beta-haemolyticus, que foi isolado apenas no inverno.

Purpose: To identify the microorganisms of the ocular conjunctiva in healthy dogs in Araçatuba (SP) city, in summer and winter. Methods: Forty dogs, male and female, age ranging from 2 to 5 years were used. After ocular wash, samples were collected from the inferior conjunctival sac in order to isolate and identify anaerobic, aerobic bacteria and fungi. Results: Staphylococcus aureus and Sthaphylococcus beta-haemolyticus and Penicilium sp. were the most frequently observed microorganisms. Conclusion: There was ocular conjunctiva microbiota variation between the studied seasons. Staphylococcus beta-haemolyticus was observed only during the winter.