Abstract A trial was conducted with 414 newborn calves randomly divided by riskblocks of developing omphalitis or omphalophlebitis: low; medium, and high. The treatments were applied by stump-dipping daily for three days, with either iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone (I-PVP) (n = 205), or with an alginate gel containing 0.5 % enrofloxacin hydrochloride dehydrate (enro-C) (n = 209). Results showed that only one death occurred in the enro-C group, which was attributable to internal hemorrhage not linked with the treatment. After four days, we recorded six other cases as stump fibrosis, but these were inconsequential. In the I-PVP group, 44 calves developed cord infection and were considered treatment failures (13 high-risk; 11 medium-risk, and 20 low-risk) (P < 0.0435 in the three risk grades). The umbilical stump involution was evident in the enro-C-treated animals on day one as most stumps were noticeably dried. Stump detachment occurred within an average of nearly 30 days, and the umbilical scars did not present infection in any case. Conversely, in the remaining calves of the I-PVP group, stump drying was observable after 72 h, and it detached within an average of 32 days (P < 0.05). In stumps treated with enro-C, dirt stuck less, and the gel formed an apparently protecting layer around the umbilical scar when stump was either absent or too short. These results show that enro-C is a successful preventive treatment that allows rapid umbilical stump involution in newborn calves.

The luminous output of the lamps in road lighting decreases at a rate that depends on the type of lamp, the ballast system and operating parameters. This cause of depreciation is considered from the design stage from the maintenance factor, once established maintenance program. This paper reviews the different sources of information available, while valuing the outcomes of the major investigations that have been used in recent times. It recognizes the data provided by lamp manufacturers as the most reliable source. Technological advances introduced into the manufacturing process of these lamps in addition to extending its useful life also deliver higher lumen maintenance which potentially can increase the energy efficiency of these systems. In addition to other important advantages, LEDs has a good maintenance of their luminous flux The authors approach the trial elements and techniques for the use of curve fitting tool. Mathematical models to predict this depreciation rate are offered.

La producción luminosa de las lámparas en alumbrado viario disminuye a un ritmo que depende del tipo de lámpara y balasto así como los parámetros de explotación. Esta causa de depreciación se considera desde la etapa de diseño a partir del factor de mantenimiento. El presente trabajo realiza una revisión de las diferentes fuentes de información disponible, a la vez que valora los resultados de las principales investigaciones que las han utilizado en los últimos tiempos. La información suministrada por los fabricantes de lámparas son la fuente más confiable. Los avances tecnológicos de las lámparas convencionales han permitido extender su vida útil e incrementar el mantenimiento del flujo luminoso lo cual potencialmente permite elevar la eficiencia energética de estos sistemas. Además de otras importantes ventajas los LEDs tienen un buen mantenimiento de su flujo luminoso. Se ofrecen los modelos matemáticos para la estimación de este tipo de depreciación.

Foi apresentada uma experiência de cinco anos com integração de serviços de saúde a nível periférico, numa comunidade do norte do Estado de Goiás, às margens do rio Tocantins. Foram discutidas brevemente as bases doutrinárias da necessidade de integração de serviços de saúde citando algumas experiências da literatura. Exemplifica-se a possibilidade de conseguir uma boa integração de serviços a nível periférico (local), pelo menos em comunidades remotas como a de que trata o artigo, na impossibilidade de haver uma integração imediata a nível central.

Five years of experience with comprehensive health care, based in periferal integration of services in a 10000 inhabitants community in Amazon Region, Brazil is presented. The need for integration of health care is stressed with some references in literature. The periferal integration of health services through a multiprofessional group practice as a lesser alternative when complete central integration, is unattainable.

Foi apresentada uma experiência de cinco anos com integração de serviços de saúde a nível periférico, numa comunidade do norte do Estado de Goiás, às margens do rio Tocantins. Foram discutidas brevemente as bases doutrinárias da necessidade de integração de serviços de saúde citando algumas experiências da literatura. Exemplifica-se a possibilidade de conseguir uma boa integração de serviços a nível periférico (local), pelo menos em comunidades remotas como a de que trata o artigo, na impossibilidade de haver uma integração imediata a nível central.

Five years of experience with comprehensive health care, based in periferal integration of services in a 10000 inhabitants community in Amazon Region, Brazil is presented. The need for integration of health care is stressed with some references in literature. The periferal integration of health services through a multiprofessional group practice as a lesser alternative when complete central integration, is unattainable.

Apresenta-se uma experiência de 35 semanas com profilaxia medicamentosa coletiva da malária numa região relativamente isolada do sudeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, onde a doença se encontra num estado de hiperendemia. A associação medicamentosa utilizada foi a de uma 4 aminoguinoleína com a pirimetamina. São discutidas as características regionais da endemia, bem como problemas encontrados na ministração periódica coletiva. Conclui-se pela eficácia do método, ressalvada a necessidade de uma administração bastante eficaz para que os níveis de cobertura possam ser mantidos em torno de 75%. Nessa situação, a incidência da doença baixou de 40 casos clínicos para cerca de 1,5 casos, por cem habitantes (avaliação semanal). Este último nível mostrou-se perfeitamente compatível com o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos agropastorís na região estudada.

A 35 week trial with a 4 aminoquinolinepyrimethamine association in colective oral prophylaxis of malaria in a farm in the Amazon region, Brazil, is reported. There, the disease is now in a hiperendemic status, threatening the development of the region. Special characteristics of the disease in the region are studied and the barriers and advantages for such a prophylactic method are presented. The necessity of a very good management for mantaining high protection levels is stressed. The level of protection was mantained at nearly 75% of the population and the incidence of the disease fall from 40 clinical cases to circa 1.5 per 100 inhabitants. As this level of incidence of the disease, the development of rural activities in the region was perfectly possible.

Apresenta-se uma experiência de 35 semanas com profilaxia medicamentosa coletiva da malária numa região relativamente isolada do sudeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, onde a doença se encontra num estado de hiperendemia. A associação medicamentosa utilizada foi a de uma 4 aminoguinoleína com a pirimetamina. São discutidas as características regionais da endemia, bem como problemas encontrados na ministração periódica coletiva. Conclui-se pela eficácia do método, ressalvada a necessidade de uma administração bastante eficaz para que os níveis de cobertura possam ser mantidos em torno de 75%. Nessa situação, a incidência da doença baixou de 40 casos clínicos para cerca de 1,5 casos, por cem habitantes (avaliação semanal). Este último nível mostrou-se perfeitamente compatível com o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos agropastorís na região estudada.

A 35 week trial with a 4 aminoquinolinepyrimethamine association in colective oral prophylaxis of malaria in a farm in the Amazon region, Brazil, is reported. There, the disease is now in a hiperendemic status, threatening the development of the region. Special characteristics of the disease in the region are studied and the barriers and advantages for such a prophylactic method are presented. The necessity of a very good management for mantaining high protection levels is stressed. The level of protection was mantained at nearly 75% of the population and the incidence of the disease fall from 40 clinical cases to circa 1.5 per 100 inhabitants. As this level of incidence of the disease, the development of rural activities in the region was perfectly possible.