Resumo Nos últimos vinte anos, uma nova geração de investigadores tem se dedicado a discutir as escalas de direitos de propriedades que configuraram a ocupação colonial nas Américas. Desde os estudos produzidos nos anos 1990, as pesquisas têm procurado deslindar a dinâmica de apropriação territorial, a partir de um conceito-chave do direito civil luso-brasileiro. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo analisa o instituto enfitêutico ou os aforamentos das terras, em sua relação com os problemas de percepção da concentração fundiária em Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, em fins do século XVIII. Para tanto, analisa-se o conturbado processo histórico de desparecimento dos direitos dos grupos indígenas sobre aquelas terras e a operacionalização da enfiteuse e seus foros como forma de constituir um direito de propriedade do detentor do domínio direto.

Abstract Over the past twenty years, a new generation of researchers has been dedicated to discussing the scales of property rights that shaped colonial occupation in the Americas. Since the studies produced in the 1990s, research has sought to unravel the dynamics of territorial appropriation, based on a key concept of Luso-Brazilian Civil Law. In this sense, the present article analyzes the institute of emphyteusis in its relation to the perception problems of land concentration in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, in the late 18th century. For this purpose, we analyze the troubled historical process of the loss of rights suffered by Indigenous groups over those lands as well as the operationalization of the emphyteusis as a way of constituting a property right of the direct domain holder.

ABSTRACT Nitric oxide application has been seen as a promising technique to extend the postharvest life of various fresh fruits and vegetables. This is the first work involving the spray application of nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) on Golden papaya. Considering that results are very distinct depending on the type of the nitric oxide donor, the form of application, the concentration used and the species studied, the application must be adapted to each necessity. The aim of this study was to relate the application of GSNO, spray applied at 10, 100, 1,000 ?M, with the physiological, physical-chemical, and biochemical changes of Golden papaya, in the first 72 h of ripening. Control fruit was sprayed with distilled water. GSNO application did not interfere on color and chlorophyll fluorescence of the peel, on soluble solids, titratable acidity, lipid peroxidation, and in the level of S-nitrosothiols. Control fruit and 10-?M GSNO sprayed showed lower respiration. After 72 h of ripening at 25°C, all fruits showed an increase in ethylene biosynthesis, except for those treated with 10 ?M GSNO. Papaya sprayed with 10-?M GSNO showed the highest pulp firmness and 52% less weight loss when compared to control fruit. GSNO was also responsible for increasing the ascorbic acid in papayas, besides showing an increase in total antioxidant activity production. The results indicated that the application of 10 ?M of GSNO by spray can potentially preserve the quality characteristics of Golden papaya, mainly due to the lower ethylene production, the delay in the firmness loss, and the less weight loss.

Resumo Adolescência e juventude têm sido temas de interesse crescente por parte da terapia ocupacional e, especificamente, a relação deste ciclo de vida com os atos infracionais tem aparecido mais recentemente nas práticas e nas pesquisas de terapeutas ocupacionais brasileiros. O presente artigo é uma revisão de literatura realizada em cinco bases de dados utilizando os termos “terapia ocupacional”, “medidas socioeducativas”, “medidas socioeducadoras” e “socioeducação”. Foram encontradas 22 produções científicas, sendo que quatro dessas foram analisadas de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e de exclusão. Em todos os textos selecionados foram abordados temas relacionados à adolescência e à juventude, vulnerabilidade, histórico das medidas socioeducativas e questões sobre o cotidiano dos jovens em conflito com a lei. Os conceitos e concepções dos temas abordados variam de acordo com a linha teórica dos autores e há a necessidade de mais trabalhos científicos serem produzidos sobre o tema. A terapia ocupacional é uma profissão que pode contribuir com o trabalho a ser desenvolvido com os jovens em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas, seja em ações individuais, grupais e/ou na gestão dos serviços disponibilizados para o atendimento dessa população.

Abstract Adolescence and youth have been topics of growing interest in Occupational Therapy, and specifically, the relation of this life cycle to the infraction acts has appeared more recently in the practices and research of Brazilian occupational therapists. This article is a literature review carried out in five databases using the terms “occupational therapy”, “socio-educative measures”, “socio-educational measures” and “socio-education”. This research found 22 scientific productions, but only four were analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In all selected texts, topics related to adolescence and youth were discussed, vulnerability, history of socio-educational measures, and questions about the daily life of young people in conflict with the law. The concepts and conceptions of the topics covered vary according to the theoretical line of the authors and there is a need for more scientific works being produced on the theme. Occupational Therapy is a profession that can contribute to the work to be developed with young people in compliance with socio-educational measures, in individual procedures, group actions, and/or in the management of the services available for the care of this population.

Abstract This study assessed the effect of non-thermal plasma (NTP) on Nannochloropsis gaditana cell rupture and subsequent lipid extraction. Micrograph images showed that the surface of original N. gaditana cells appeared smooth and had no apparent holes, whereas after NTP the cells showed a non-uniform apparently fractured surface with many pores and large splits. Maximum lipid recovery from N. gaditana cells (~19%) for NTP-assisted rupture was observed at 10 min, similar to extraction after 10 min sonication (19.0%). The lipid recovery after both pretreatments (average 19.0%) was 2-fold higher than the control treatment (no pretreatment 9.5%). In addition, lipids from unruptured algal cells were mainly composed of ω-3polyunsaturated fatty acids (~31% of total fatty acids), while lipids after NTP were predominantly composed of saturated fatty acids (36.0% of total fatty acids), which could be advantageous for biodiesel production. This study demonstrates an alternative approach based on NTP-technology for algal cell rupture prior to lipid extraction with potential uses for algal biodiesel production.

Resumo: O artigo discute a noção de propriedade e direitos à terra no pensamento de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva a partir da problematização e análise de dois manuscritos da Coleção José Bonifácio do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro: “O governo deriva da propriedade” e “Apontamentos sobre as sesmarias do Brasil”. Tais escritos foram produzidos durante o processo de Independência e integram seu programa de reformas para o Brasil naquele contexto. Para tanto, analisam-se as sesmarias e as regras para sua limitação; a formação de pequenas e médias propriedades rurais; e o papel desempenhado pela agricultura como fonte de riqueza. Por fim, o artigo contribui para a desconstrução do mito Bonifácio, de um homem à frente de seu tempo, situando o diálogo que ele estabeleceu com o pensamento econômico do século XVIII.

Abstract: The article discusses the idea of property and land rights in the thought of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva with the problematization and the analysis of two José Bonifácio Collection of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute’s manuscripts: “O governo deriva da propriedade” and “Apontamentos sobre as sesmarias do Brasil”. These writings were produced during the Independence process and are part of its reform program for Brazil in such context. In order to do so, we evaluate themes related to the role of sesmarias and the creation of rules for their limitation; the formation of small and medium-sized rural properties; and the role played by agriculture as a source of wealth. Finally, the article contributes to the deconstruction of the Bonifácio myth of a man ahead of his time by situating the dialogue he established with the economic thought of the 18th century.

RESUMO: Nanoemulsão óleo/água (O/A) contendo extrato de goldenberry foi elaborada utilizando método de banho ultrassônico de alta energia. A caracterização físico-química da formulação foi realizada pela determinação do pH, diâmetro médio de gotas, índice de polidispersão (PDI) e potencial zeta. A toxicidade das nanoemulsões foi avaliada utilizando ensaios in vitro com linhas celulares tumorais e não tumorais e in vivo utilizando Caenorhabditis elegans. O pH da nanoemulsão foi de 3,84, o diâmetro médio das gotículas foi de 268 ± 7 nm, PDI 0,113 e o potencial zeta -13,94 mV. Os resultados dos ensaios de citotoxicidade empregando células não tumorais indicaram que o extrato associado ou não à nanoemulsão manteve a viabilidade celular em diferentes concentrações testadas. Nos ensaios, utilizando linhagem tumoral, observou-se que a nanoemulsão contendo o extrato apresentou maior atividade antitumoral do que o extrato livre. Quanto aos testes in vivo, não houve mudança na taxa de sobrevivência dos vermes.

ABSTRACT: Oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion containing goldenberry extract was elaborated using a high-energy ultrasonic bath method. Physicochemical characterization of the formulation was carried out by determining pH, mean droplet diameter, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential. Nanoemulsion toxicity was assessed using in vitro assays with tumor and non-tumor cell lines, and in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans. The pH of the nanoemulsion was 3.84, the mean droplet diameter was 268 ± 7 nm, PDI 0.113 and zeta potential -13.94 mV. Results of the cytotoxicity assays employing non-tumor cells indicated that the extract associated or not with nanoemulsion maintained cell viability at different concentrations tested. In the assays using tumor lineage, it is observed that the nanoemulsion containing the extract had higher antitumor activity than the free extract. As for the in vivo tests, there was no change in the survival rate of the worms.

A simple and efficient microwave-assisted extraction process has been developed in order to extract plumieride from Allamanda cathartica flowers. The extracts have been obtained through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process with ethanol and ethyl acetate at different time, power and temperatures. Static maceration at room temperature with ethanol and ethyl acetate was obtained in order to compare the efficiency of extraction. HPLC method was validated to quantify plumieride in the extracts. The analyzed parameters: linearity (R2 = 0.999), precision (CV 3.3%), recovery (98%), specificity (97%), limit of detection (1 µg mL-1), and limit of quantification (2 µg mL-1) were satisfactory. The yield of plumieride reached 43% in the extracts under the optimal MAE conditions (10 min, 300W). Plumieride recoveries by conventional extraction method were 12% with ethanol and 22% with ethyl acetate. Time and power parameters on plumieride extraction yield was determined by applying a factorial design and surface plots. Ethanol was the best extractor solvent and it was possible to obtain high contents (52 mg g-1 of dry flowers) at optimized conditions. It can be concluded that MAE process has actual advantages over the conventional extraction method in terms of shorter time and higher efficiency to recover plumieride from A. cathartica flowers.

RESUMO: O artigo lança semeadura para macieiras - imagem de reparação para uma guerra de maçãs ocorrida em uma escola pública brasileira, episódio disparador do texto, cuja referência central é a performatividade cotidiana e extracotidiana na educação e suas possibilidades hermenêuticas: leitura de si, do outro e do mundo compartilhado. A aposta feita é de ocupação dos espaços escolares como espaço convivial dos seres viventes: locais de pertença e de vitalidade, bem como fórum de conversas sobre múltiplos assuntos, incluindo a doença, a violência e a morte.

ABSTRACT: The article scatters seeding for apple trees, an image that refers to a war of apples that took place in a Brazilian public school. This episode is the trigger for the text, whose central reference is the daily and non-daily performativity in education and its hermeneutic possibilities: reading of one’s self, of the other, and of the shared world. The text argues for the occupation of school spaces as the convivial space of living creatures: sites of belonging and vitality, as well as a forum for talks on multiple issues, including disease, violence, and death.

Resumo: Este texto, escrito a seis mãos, insiste na não-dicotomia entre corpo e mente, ação e pensamento, objetividade e subjetividade, de modo a alcançar as férteis relações adulto-criança no âmbito da ficcionalidade. Defende o exercício da docência do teatro tanto na universidade quanto na escola, na chave de uma dramaturgia encarnada: modo de escrita e de uso do texto dramatúrgico no qual a corporalidade é central. Apresentando mais perguntas do que respostas, busca por um trabalho dramatúrgico que narra, dialoga, propõe performatividade e mudança nos mundos de vida dos discentes das Licenciaturas em Teatro, bem como os mundos de vida de seus futuros alunos, crianças e jovens brasileiros.

Abstract: This six-hand written paper insists on the non-dichotomy between body and mind, action and thought, objectivity and subjectivity, in order to reach the fertile adult-child relationships within fictionality. It supports the practice of theater teaching both at the university and at school, in the key of an embodied dramaturgy: a writing mode and usage of the dramaturgical text in which corporeality is central. Presenting more questions than answering them, it searches for a dramaturgical work that narrates, dialogues, and proposes performativity and changes in the worlds-of-life of teachers in Undergraduate Theater Teachers Education as well as in the worlds-of-life of their prospective students, Brazilian children and teenagers.

Résumé: Cet article, écrit à six mains, insiste sur la non-dichotomie entre le corps et l'esprit, l'action et la pensée, l'objectivité et la subjectivité, afin d'arriver aux fécondes relations entre l'adulte et l'enfant au sein de la fictionalité. Défend la pratique de l'enseignement du théâtre à l'université et à l'école, dans le cadre d'une dramaturgie incarnée: façon d'écriture et d'usage du texte dramaturgique dans lequel la corporéité est central. Présentant plus de questions que de réponses, on cherche un travail dramaturgique que raconte, converse, et propose performativité et changement dans les mondes de vie des étudiants du premier cycle de Théâtre, ainsi que les mondes de la vie de ses futurs étudiants, les enfants et les jeunes Brésiliens.

One of the outstanding issues of concern by governments and society in general relates to the final destination of solid waste, which can bring severe impacts on social, political, economic and environmental dimensions. The sustainable development of enterprises and industries goes for the care of the planet, thus ensuring the quality of life for future generations and the planet. The disposal of municipal waste in landfills is the technique most commonly employed for the remediation of solid residues. The residues undergo decomposition beneath the soil and in the presence of water this generates leachate, which percolates down to the bottom of the landfill through drainage. This drained liquid is collected from the landfill installations and subjected to treatment, which involves physico-chemical and biological processes. Landfill leachate commonly contains heavy metals due to the incorrect disposal of products such as fluorescent bulbs and batteries. In this context, a method for the treatment of sludge originating from the physicochemical remediation of leachate using thermal plasma is proposed in this paper. The efficiency of the method was verified by monitoring the total organic carbon content, water content and density of the sludge. The quantity of metals present in the samples was determined before and after pyrolysis by thermal plasma using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry techniques. The results show that the leachate treatment method used was efficient, presenting the best results for the samples of iron and zinc.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a persistência do tratamento em pacientes com artrite reumatoide e espondilite anquilosante que iniciaram terapia com medicamentos modificadores do curso da doença (MMCD) e agentes bloqueadores do fator de necrose tumoral (anti-TNF). MÉTODOS Este estudo de coorte retrospectiva de julho de 2008 a setembro de 2013 avaliou a persistência na terapia, definida como o tempo do início até a descontinuação, permitindo-se um intervalo de até 30 dias entre o fim da prescrição e o início da prescrição seguinte. Odds ratio (OR) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por meio de modelos de regressão logística para estimar a chance de apresentar persistência na terapia após o primeiro e os dois primeiros anos de seguimento. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 11.642 pacientes com artrite reumatoide – 2.241 iniciaram uso de agentes anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 9.401 iniciaram MMCD – e 1.251 pacientes com espondilite anquilosante – 976 iniciaram uso de agentes anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 275 iniciaram MMCD. No primeiro ano de acompanhamento, 63,5% persistiram em terapia com anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 54,1% em uso de MMCD do grupo com artrite reumatoide. Em relação à espondilite anquilosante, 79,0% do grupo anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 41,1% do grupo MMCD persistiram no tratamento. O OR (IC95%) para persistência na terapia foi de 1,50 (1,34–1,67) para o grupo anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) comparado com MMCD no primeiro ano em pacientes com artrite reumatoide, e de 2,33 (1,74–3,11) em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante. Foi observada tendência semelhante ao final do segundo ano. CONCLUSÕES Observou-se uma tendência geral de taxas mais elevadas de persistência na terapia com anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) em relação a MMCD no período estudado. Foram observadas taxas de persistência mais elevadas para os usuários de anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante em relação a artrite reumatoide, e maior persistência para MMCD em pacientes com artrite reumatoide em relação à espondilite anquilosante.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate treatment persistence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis who started therapies with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) and tumor necrosis factor blockers (anti-TNF drugs). METHODS This retrospective cohort study from July 2008 to September 2013 evaluated therapy persistence, which is defined as the period between the start of treatment until it is discontinued, allowing for an interval of up to 30 days between the prescription end and the start of the next prescription. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by logistic regression models to estimate the patients’ chances of persisting in their therapies after the first and after the two first years of follow-up. RESULTS The study included 11,642 patients with rheumatoid arthritis – 2,241 of these started on anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 9,401 patients started on DMARD – and 1,251 patients with ankylosing spondylitis – 976 of them were started on anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 275 were started on DMARD. In the first year of follow-up, 63.5% of the patients persisted in their therapies with anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 54.1% remained using DMARD in the group with rheumatoid arthritis. In regards to ankylosing spondylitis, 79.0% of the subjects in anti-TNF (+/-DMARD) group and 41.1% of the subjects in the DMARD group persisted with their treatments. The OR (95%CI) for therapy persistence was 1.50 (1.34-1.67) for the anti-TNF (+/-DMARD) group as compared with the DMARD group in the first year for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 2.33 (1.74-3.11) for the patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A similar trend was observed at the end of the second year. CONCLUSIONS A general trend of higher rates of therapy persistence with anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) was observed as compared to DMARD in the study period. We observed higher persistence rates for anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis as compared to rheumatoid arthritis; and a higher persistence for DMARD in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared to ankylosing spondylitis.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a persistência do tratamento em pacientes com artrite reumatoide e espondilite anquilosante que iniciaram terapia com medicamentos modificadores do curso da doença (MMCD) e agentes bloqueadores do fator de necrose tumoral (anti-TNF). MÉTODOS Este estudo de coorte retrospectiva de julho de 2008 a setembro de 2013 avaliou a persistência na terapia, definida como o tempo do início até a descontinuação, permitindo-se um intervalo de até 30 dias entre o fim da prescrição e o início da prescrição seguinte. Odds ratio (OR) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por meio de modelos de regressão logística para estimar a chance de apresentar persistência na terapia após o primeiro e os dois primeiros anos de seguimento. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 11.642 pacientes com artrite reumatoide – 2.241 iniciaram uso de agentes anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 9.401 iniciaram MMCD – e 1.251 pacientes com espondilite anquilosante – 976 iniciaram uso de agentes anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 275 iniciaram MMCD. No primeiro ano de acompanhamento, 63,5% persistiram em terapia com anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 54,1% em uso de MMCD do grupo com artrite reumatoide. Em relação à espondilite anquilosante, 79,0% do grupo anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 41,1% do grupo MMCD persistiram no tratamento. O OR (IC95%) para persistência na terapia foi de 1,50 (1,34–1,67) para o grupo anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) comparado com MMCD no primeiro ano em pacientes com artrite reumatoide, e de 2,33 (1,74–3,11) em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante. Foi observada tendência semelhante ao final do segundo ano. CONCLUSÕES Observou-se uma tendência geral de taxas mais elevadas de persistência na terapia com anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) em relação a MMCD no período estudado. Foram observadas taxas de persistência mais elevadas para os usuários de anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante em relação a artrite reumatoide, e maior persistência para MMCD em pacientes com artrite reumatoide em relação à espondilite anquilosante.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate treatment persistence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis who started therapies with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) and tumor necrosis factor blockers (anti-TNF drugs). METHODS This retrospective cohort study from July 2008 to September 2013 evaluated therapy persistence, which is defined as the period between the start of treatment until it is discontinued, allowing for an interval of up to 30 days between the prescription end and the start of the next prescription. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by logistic regression models to estimate the patients’ chances of persisting in their therapies after the first and after the two first years of follow-up. RESULTS The study included 11,642 patients with rheumatoid arthritis – 2,241 of these started on anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 9,401 patients started on DMARD – and 1,251 patients with ankylosing spondylitis – 976 of them were started on anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 275 were started on DMARD. In the first year of follow-up, 63.5% of the patients persisted in their therapies with anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 54.1% remained using DMARD in the group with rheumatoid arthritis. In regards to ankylosing spondylitis, 79.0% of the subjects in anti-TNF (+/-DMARD) group and 41.1% of the subjects in the DMARD group persisted with their treatments. The OR (95%CI) for therapy persistence was 1.50 (1.34-1.67) for the anti-TNF (+/-DMARD) group as compared with the DMARD group in the first year for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 2.33 (1.74-3.11) for the patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A similar trend was observed at the end of the second year. CONCLUSIONS A general trend of higher rates of therapy persistence with anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) was observed as compared to DMARD in the study period. We observed higher persistence rates for anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis as compared to rheumatoid arthritis; and a higher persistence for DMARD in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared to ankylosing spondylitis.

Foi feita uma revisão sistemática para avaliar a eficácia e a segurança do esquema infliximabe + metotrexato (IFX + MTX) versus MTX isoladamente ou em combinação com outros medicamentos modificadores do curso da doença (MMCD). Pesquisou‐se nas principais bases de dados eletrônicas e na literatura cinzenta e fez‐se uma busca manual. Dois revisores independentes fizeram a seleção, extração de dados e análise da qualidade dos estudos. A metanálise foi feita com o software Review Manager® 5.1. Incluíram‐se nove estudos. O escore médio na escala de Jadad modificada foi de 4,4, mas somente um estudo mostrou baixo risco de viés. O esquema IFX + MTX apresentou melhores respostas nos desfechos clínicos de ACR e do DAS28 por até 54 semanas e na progressão radiográfica por até 104 semanas. As perdas de seguimento decorrentes da falta de eficácia foram menores no grupo IFX + MTX. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante nos eventos adversos. A combinação IFX + MTX é mais eficaz do que o tratamento com MTX isolado ou em combinação com MMCD. Esse esquema apresentou boa tolerabilidade em pacientes previamente tratados com MMCD, não tratados com MTX ou com respostas insuficientes ao MTX. A eficácia do regime IFX + MTX é observada principalmente durante os períodos iniciais do tratamento. Altas doses de IFX foram tão eficazes quanto a dose padrão, mas com a possibilidade maior risco de infecções graves. Recomenda‐se, portanto, que os médicos utilizem a dose padrão de IFX de 3 mg/kg a cada oito semanas.

We performed a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of infliximab + methotrexate (IFX + MTX) regimens versus MTX alone or in combination with other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). We searched through major databases, the grey literature and did a manual search. Two independent reviewers conducted the selection, data extraction and analysis of the quality of the studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager® 5.1 software. Nine trials were included. The mean modified Jadad score was 4.4, but only one study showed low risk of bias. IFX + MTX regimen presented better responses in clinical outcomes of ACR and DAS28 by up to 54 weeks, and of radiographic progression by up to 104 weeks. Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy was lower in the IFX + MTX group. No significant difference in adverse events was observed. The IFX + MTX combination is more effective than treatment with MTX alone or DMARDs combination. This regimen presented good tolerability in patients previously treated with DMARDs, not treated with MTX or with insufficient responses to MTX. The efficacy of IFX + MTX is noted primarily during initial periods of treatment. High doses of IFX were as effective as the standard dose, but with possible higher risk of serious infections. Therefore, we advise clinicians to use the standard dose of IFX 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks.

The impacts derived from the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) into the atmosphere can have harmful consequences for human health and the environment. In this regard, the present paper proposes the construction of a low-cost cold plasma reactor for the treatment of these compounds. Tests with the prototype were performed to confirm the efficiency for BTEX (benzene, toluene and xylene) samples. Degradation efficiency was confirmed by the gas chromatography method.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the fractions obtained from the leaf, stem and roots of Allamanda schottii Pohl, Apocynaceae, responsible for the cytotoxicity, using several cell lines. Cytotoxicity was correlated with the season the part of the plant, and the major compounds were assessed. The ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots obtained at different seasons were evaluated in the human erythromyeloblastoid leukemia cell line (K562). Subsequently the ethanol extracts and dichloromethane fractions collected in winter were evaluated in mouse fibroblast cell line (Mus musculus) (L929), cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human pre-B leukemia (Nalm6), as well as K562 cell line. The compounds plumericin, plumieride and ursolic acid isolated from ethanol extracts of the stems were evaluated in the same cell lines, as well as on breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), and Mus musculus skin melanoma cell line (B16F10). The chromatographic profiles of the dichloromethane fractions were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed that the season during which A. schottii was collected, and the part of the plant analyzed, influence the cytotoxicity on the K562 cells tested. On the other hand the dichloromethane fractions, mainly from the stems and roots, are responsible for the cytoxicity on the cells tested. These results may be associated with the seasonal variation of plumericin in these parts of the plant. This information is in accordance with the HPLC analysis. The results clearly show the potential for the phytotherapeutic use of this species, and suggest that the cytotoxic activity observed may be due to the presence of plumericin, or to minor compounds not yet identified. The seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabolites was verified.