Abstract Analysis of energy expense during development has achieved special interest through time on account of the crucial role of the consumption of resources required for offspring survival. Spider eggs have a fixed composition as well as some initial energy that is supplied by mothers. These resources are necessary to support the metabolic expense not only through the embryonic period but also during the post-embryonic period, as well as for post emerging activities before spiderlings become self-sustaining. Depletion of these resources would be critical for spiders since it could give rise to prey competition as well as filial cannibalism. Even though spiders represent a megadiverse order, information regarding the metabolic requirements during spiders development is very scarce. In this study, we analyse the changes in protein, lipid and carbohydrate content as well as the variation in lipovitellin reserves and hemocyanin content during Polybetes pythagoricus development. Our results show that lipovitellins and phospholipids represent the major energy source throughout embryonic and post-embryonic development. Lipovitellin apolipoproteins are gradually consumed but are later depleted after dispersion. Phosphatidylethanolamine is mainly consumed during the post-embryonic period, while triacylglycerides are consumed after juveniles’ dispersion. Finally, hemocyanin concentration starts to increase in postembryonic stages.

RESUMEN La conservación enfocada en especies endémicas es prioritaria dada su alta vulnerabilidad. Para lograrla resulta imprescindible conocer la historia natural de las especies. El Gorrión Serrano (Xenospiza baileyi), catalogado en peligro de extinción, es una de las aves endémicas más vulnerables de México (valor de vulnerabilidad máximo = 20). Su estudio ha sido intermitente y la información asociada a su historia natural se encuentra dispersa, no publicada o es de difícil acceso. En este trabajo se sistematizó, examinó y actualizó el conocimiento relacionado con la historia natural de X. baileyi. Se compilaron estudios sobre esta especie para identificar vacíos en torno a su investigación. Se lograron integrar aspectos de la historia natural de X. baileyi relacionados con su taxonomía, descripción, distribución, hábitat, demografía, dispersión, territorialidad, alimentación, interacciones ecológicas, perchas, vocalizaciones, ciclo reproductivo, cortejo, nido, huevos, pollos y amenazas. Además, se incluyó información nueva resultante de actividades de monitoreo comunitario sobre esta especie, lo cual permitió denotar la importancia de la inclusión comunitaria para el manejo y conservación de la especie y su hábitat. Esta información resulta fundamental para optimizar su estudio y orientar las acciones urgentes en torno a su conservación.

ABSTRACT The conservation of endemic species deserves priority attention given their high vulnerability. Information about the natural history of species is essential for achieving conservation goals. The Sierra Madre Sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) is an endangered species that is considered to be one of the most vulnerable endemic birds of Mexico (maximum vulnerability value = 20). Its study has been intermittent and the information about its natural history is disperse, unpublished, or difficult to access. This work systematized, evaluated, and updated the knowledge regarding the natural history, taxonomy, description, distribution, habitat, demography, dispersion, territoriality, feeding behavior, ecological interactions, perches, vocalizations, breeding cycle, courtship displays, nest, eggs, nestlings, and threats to the conservation of X. baileyi. In addition, we included novel information generated through community-based monitoring activities, which also highlighted the relevance of including local communities for managing and conserving the species and its habitat. This information is key for optimizing research and guiding urgent conservation actions on the species.

Abstract: Twitter has become a source of data and news. But what do Spanish journalists talk about on Twitter? The research is characterized by its descriptive and analytical aim, and its quantitative and qualitative approach. The work presents a retrospective longitudinal investigation that studied a diachronic succession of messages via Twitter produced over a certain period. The study, with a sampling work of one and a half years, designed a categorization system of registration units that were subsequently quantified. The study corpus consisted of 3,500 tweets issued by 20 journalists who were Twitter account holders in seven days over seven weeks, between January 2017 and March 2018, and by 35 newspaper covers that were published in that same period. The sources of the data obtained from the monitoring of the two groups of journalists were structured into two invited and non- probability samples. Based on this, the research analyzes the tweets of Spanish journalists classified into five thematic categories: politics, culture, science, communication, and the Internet. The study has created a unit classification system made up of 35 thematic categories and 1,226 subcategories. The research concludes, among other aspects, that through Twitter journalists offer a thematic scope much more extensive than the mass media. Hispano- America is presented as a stage for political debate against Europe; while crises, especially international ones, condition the media thematic agendas. The non-existence of a cultural information strategy and a leading role of self-promotion are detected.

Resumen: Twitter se ha convertido en una fuente de datos y de noticias. Pero, ¿de qué hablan los periodistas españoles en Twitter? La investigación descriptiva y analítica, con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, estudia desde una perspectiva longitudinal una sucesión diacrónica de mensajes vía Twitter. El corpus de estudio estuvo conformado por dos muestras invitadas y no probabilísticas: 3500 tuits emitidos por 20 periodistas titulares de cuentas de Twitter en siete días a lo largo de siete semanas, entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2018, y por 35 portadas de periódicos publicadas en las mismas fechas. La investigación analiza los tuits clasificados en cinco categorías temáticas: política, cultura, ciencia, comunicación e Internet. El estudio ha creado un sistema de clasificación de unidades de registro conformado por 35 categorías temáticas y 1226 subcategorías. Se concluye, entre otros aspectos, que los periodistas ofrecen mediante Twitter un alcance temático mucho más extenso que los medios de comunicación de masas. Hispanoamérica se presenta como un escenario de debate político frente a Europa; mientras que las crisis, especialmente las internacionales, condicionan las agendas temáticas de los medios. Se detecta la inexistencia de una estrategia de información cultural y un rol protagónico de la autopromoción.

Resumo: O Twitter se tornou uma fonte de dados e notícias. Mas o que estão falando os jornalistas espanhóis no Twitter? A pesquisa caracteriza-se por ser descritiva e analítica e por sua abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, estuda desde uma perspectiva longitudinal uma sucessão diacrônica de mensagens via Twitter. O corpus do estudo foi composto por duas amostras convidadas e não probabilísticas: consistiu em 3.500 tweets emitidos por 20 jornalistas titulares de contas no Twitter em sete dias, durante sete semanas, entre janeiro de 2017 e março de 2018, e por 35 capas de jornais publicadas nas mesmas datas. Com base nisso, a pesquisa analisa os tweets de jornalistas espanhóis classificados em cinco categorias temáticas: política, cultura, ciência, comunicação e Internet. O estudo criou um sistema de classificação de unidades de registro composto por 35 categorias temáticas e 1.226 subcategorias. A pesquisa conclui, entre outros aspectos, que os jornalistas oferecem via Twitter um escopo temático muito mais amplo do que a mídia de massa. A Hispanoamérica é apresentada como um cenário de debate político frente a Europa; enquanto as crises, principalmente internacionais, condicionam as agendas temáticas da mídia. Detecta-se a inexistência de uma estratégia de informação cultural e um protagonismo da autopromoção.

Abstract San Bartolomé de los Baños is a geothermal zone located in the southeast of the Guanajuato state in Mexico, and hosts near 150 thermal surface manifestations (hot springs), with discharge temperatures up to 92 °C and pH of 6.0-9.2. These manifestations, as well as surface hydrothermal alteration patches, are distributed along the N-S San Bartolomé fault, which in the study area has a displacement of ~100 m. This fault crosscuts a calc-alkaline volcanic sequence of Upper Miocene age that consists of a basal pyroclastic unit overlaid by basaltic lavas. Three suites of hydrothermal alteration occur at the surface: (a) silicification; (b) argillic; and (c) advanced argillic. Other hydrothermally-derived mineral assemblages are: (d) silica sinter; (e) silica- and sulfate-rich geyserite; and (f) quartz-calcite-fluorite-barite veinlets. Fluid inclusion microthermometry analysis of the veinlets show homogenization temperatures (Th) between 62 and 139 °C (with modal value at ~110 °C), and salinity between 2.4 and 10.4 % (weight NaCl equivalent). A rough correspondence between Th and salinity suggests that hydrothermal fluid mixed with meteoric surface water close to the discharge (at depths lesser than 50 m). Hydrothermal alteration assemblages indicate fluid temperature near the surface of ~100 °C and slightly alkaline pH, whereas silica sinter suggests a reservoir temperature >200 °C. Both hydrothermal alteration and hot springs are spatially restricted to the San Bartolome fault, which, along with the apparent absence of modern volcanic activity, indicates that the geothermal system is non-magmatic and fault controlled (extensional domain type).

Resumen La zona geotérmica de San Bartolomé de los Baños, al SE del estado de Guanajuato (México), contiene alrededor de 150 manifestaciones termales, con temperaturas de descarga de hasta 92 °C y pH de 6.0-9.2. Los manantiales termales y las zonas de alteración hidrotermal asociadas se distribuyen a lo largo de la falla de San Bartolomé, de dirección N-S y ~100 m de desplazamiento. Esta falla corta una secuencia volcánica calcoalcalina del Mioceno superior, que consiste en una unidad piroclástica basal sobreyacida por lavas basálticas. Se identificaron tres tipos de alteración hidrotermal (en superficie): (a) silicificación; (b) argílica; y (c) argílica avanzada. Otros productos de la actividad hidrotermal son: (d) sínter silícico; (e) geyserita rica en sílice y sulfatos; y (f) vetillas de cuarzo, calcita, fluorita y barita. Mediante microtermometría se analizaron inclusiones fluidas en las vetillas, obteniéndose temperaturas de homogenización (Th) entre 62 y 139 °C (moda: ~110 °C), y salinidades entre 2.4 y 10.4 % (en peso equivalente de NaCl). Los valores de Th y de salinidad muestran una correspondencia que sugiere un proceso de dilución del fluido hidrotermal con agua meteórica superficial, lo cual debe ocurrir a profundidades de hasta 50 m. Las alteraciones superficiales indican temperaturas del fluido de ~100 °C y pH moderadamente ácido, mientras que el sínter silícico sugiere que la temperatura del reservorio debe ser >200 °C. La alteración hidrotermal y las manifestaciones geotérmicas están espacialmente confinadas al trazado de la falla de San Bartolomé; esto, aunado a la ausencia aparente de vulcanismo reciente, indica que el sistema geotérmico es de tipo convectivo controlado por fallas.

Background: Domperidone is widely prescribed in patients with gastrointestinal disorders but some cardiac adverse effects have been recently reported. Aim: To evaluate the risk of QT prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death associated with the use of oral domperidone in adults without cancer. Material and Methods: Systematic searches in MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, the Cochrane Library and regulatory agencies websites were performed, followed by a manual search of cited references. The search strategy consisted of combining free and indexed text words without any date or language restriction. Results: Three case-control studies met the inclusion criteria; none of them evaluated QT interval prolongation. With low risk of bias, each study quantified the risk of ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death (VA/SCD). The odds ratios for these events in these studies were 4.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-16), 1.59 (95% CI: 1.28-1.98) and 11.02 (95% CI: 2.02-62.3) respectively. A significantly increased risk was observed in patients older than 60 years of age or receiving doses > 30 mg/day. Conclusions: Heterogeneity between selected studies did not allow the computation of a summary measure. However, evidence was found that an increased risk of VA/SCD is associated with the use of oral domperidone in adults.

Aims: To assess the association of the use of domperidone in infants with QTc interval prolongation and proarrhythmic events. Methods: A systematic search of the scientific literature was conducted without any date or language restriction. The electronic database MEDLINE and the sources LILACS, ScIELO and Cochrane library were consulted. Results: From the twelve identified studies, eight were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. One case report and three pilot studies were selected. Rocha et al (2005) reported the case of an infant (age 3 months) with QTc interval = 463 ms after being treated during one month with 1.8 mg/kg/day of oral domperidone. Djeddi et al (2008) administered an average dose of 1.3 mg/kg/day to 31 neonates; QTc interval prolongation > 30 ms was observed in nine neonates. Hegar et al (2009) studied 10 infants (mean age 5.6 months) who received 0.8 mg/ kg/day of oral domperidone; QTc interval prolongation was not observed. Günlemez et al (2010) enrolled 40 premature infants who were administered 1 mg/kg/day of oral domperidone; the QTc interval increased to above 450 ms in two infants. Conclusions: Although evidence that orally administrated domperidone in infants produces prolongation of QTc interval was found, further studies are needed in order to quantify the risk associated with the drug in that population. We suggest that heath professionals should conduct ECGs to infants treated with domperidone and inform the pharmacovigilance system the occurrence of any case of adverse event.

Objetivo: Determinar si existe evidencia de prolongación del intervalo QTc y efectos proarrítmicos asociados al uso de domperidona oral en infantes. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica consultando la base de datos electrónica MEDLINE y las fuentes LILACS, ScIELO y Biblioteca Cochrane a través de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, sin límite de fecha ni de idioma. Resultados: De los estudios identificados se excluyeron ocho por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión, quedando seleccionados un reporte de caso y tres estudios pilotos. Rocha et al (2005) reportan el caso de un niño de 3 meses con intervalo QTc=463 mseg tras un mes de tratamiento con 1,8 mg/kg/día de domperidona oral. Djeddi et al (2008) administraron una dosis promedio de 1,3 mg/kg/día a 31 neonatos, observando prolongación del intervalo QTc>30 mseg en nueve. Hegar et al (2009) estudiaron a 10 niños con edad media de 5,6 meses tratados con 0,8 mg/kg/día y no observaron prolongación del intervalo QTc. Gunlemez et al (2010) incluyeron en su estudio a 40 infantes prematuros a quienes administraron 1 mg/kg/día de domperidona oral, en dos de ellos el intervalo QTc aumentó por encima de 450 mseg. Conclusiones: Aunque se encontró evidencia de prolongación del intervalo QTc en infantes tratados con domperidona oral, se necesitan más estudios para cuantificar el riesgo asociado a la droga en esta población. Se sugiere a los profesionales de la salud realizar un monitoreo electrocardiográfico de los infantes tratados con domperidona e informar al sistema de farmacovigilancia los casos de ocurrencia de eventos adversos.

Forest plantations established in the Sierra Purhépecha, Michoacan, currently increase slowly in height and diameter, as well as in survival rates, because they were established without a specific objective, with an inappropriate choice of species, incorrect densities in relation to the productive capacity of lands and lack of follow-up. The limited information on growth and development of plantations with exotic species motivated the present study, aimed to assess the development in diameter, height and survival of a Pinus greggii, set at two different spacings, of 2.0 x 4.0 m and of 2.50 x 4.0 m. The plantation was established on lands that belong to the Indigenous Community of Cheranastico, Paracho municipality, Michoacan State, in July 1999, in Andosol soil, with a slightly undulating topography, a slope of 5% and an altitude of 2,293 m. The plant was grown in containers with a capacity of 160 cells. For the preparation of the land, fallow was conducted at 30 cm depth. Experimental design was a randomized block with two treatments and six replications; the experimental unit consisted of 60 trees. Results at six years showed significant differences among treatments for the height and diameter variables, but not in survival. The densities tested to assess the variation in growth and behavior of P. greggii for agroforestry plantations, and based on the productive capacity of the soil, must use the spacing of 2.0 x 4.0 m, which achieved better growth in height and diameter.

Las plantaciones forestales en la Sierra Purhépecha, Michoacán, presentan bajos incrementos en altura y diámetro; así como en supervivencia, debido a que se establecieron sin un objetivo específico, con una elección inadecuada de especies, densidades incorrectas en relación con la capacidad productiva de los terrenos, y carecen de seguimiento. La escasa información sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantaciones con especies exóticas motivó la realización del presente estudio, cuyo objetivo fue evaluar el desarrollo en diámetro, altura y supervivencia de una plantación de Pinus greggii establecida con dos espaciamientos 2.0 x 4.0 y 2.50 x 4.0 m, en terrenos de la Comunidad Indígena de Cheranástico, municipio Paracho, Michoacán en julio de 1999. El área se caracteriza por tener suelo Andosol, topografía ligeramente ondulada, pendiente del 5% y una altitud de 2,293 m. La planta fue producida en contenedores, con capacidad de 160 celdas. Para la preparación del terreno se realizó un barbecho a 30 cm de profundidad. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con dos tratamientos y seis repeticiones, la unidad experimental estuvo constituida por 60 árboles. Los resultados a seis años, mostraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para las variables altura y diámetro, no así en supervivencia. Las densidades ensayadas permiten evaluar la variación del crecimiento y comportamiento de P. greggii para plantaciones agroforestales, y con base en la capacidad productiva del suelo se deberá emplear el espaciamiento de 2.0 x 4.0 m, en el cual se obtuvo un mejor crecimiento en altura y diámetro.