RESUMO Gramíneas são infestantes comuns nos cultivos de verão e causam grande prejuízo à cultura do feijão. O horário de aplicação do herbicida influencia nas condições ambientais, alterando o desempenho do produto. Este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar o horário de aplicação de fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) que confere melhor desempenho ao herbicida no controle de gramíneas na cultura do feijão e elucidar as variáveis ambientais mais importantes para a eficácia desse herbicida. Foi conduzido um experimento em campo envolvendo cinco horários de aplicação (2h, 6h, 11h, 16h e 21h) e cinco doses de fluazifop (80, 110, 140, 170 e 200 g ha-1), com acréscimo de testemunhas sem aplicação do herbicida. Avaliaram-se temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e ângulo foliar no momento da aplicação e a massa seca das gramíneas aos 20 dias após o tratamento (DAT). A eficácia no controle das gramíneas com fluazifop foi dependente da dose do herbicida e do horário do dia em que o produto foi aplicado. O horário matutino (6h) apresentou melhor eficácia no controle das gramíneas em relação aos horários com condições mais quentes do dia (11h e 16h). A aplicação noturna de fluazifop foi mais eficaz no controle das infestantes do que quando as aspersões foram realizadas à tarde. As variáveis ambientais medidas correlacionaram-se com o ângulo foliar, o qual se correlacionou com a eficácia do herbicida.

ABSTRACT Grass weeds are common in summer crops and strongly decreases the grain yield of the common bean crop. The time of herbicide application influences the variability of environmental conditions and affects the product performance. The objectives of this work were to identify the time of fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) application which gives best grass weed control in the common bean crop and to elucidate the environmental variables most important for the efficacy of this herbicide. Field experiments were conducted involving five application times (2 a.m., 6 a.m., 11 a.m., 4 p.m. and 9 p.m.) and five doses of fluazifop (80, 110, 140, 170 and 200 g ha-1), with additional no-herbicide control. At the time of the herbicide application it was determined the air temperature, relative humidity, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the leaf angle, whereas the weed control and the dry mass of the weed Urochloa plantaginea was assessed at 20 days after treatment (DAT). Efficacy on grass control with fluazifop was dependent on the herbicide dose and on the time of day that the product was applied. Spray at early morning hours (6 a.m.) showed better efficacy on weed control in relation to periods during warmer conditions of the day (11 a.m. and 4 p.m.). Nocturnal fluazifop application had better weed control when compared to herbicide sprayed in the afternoon. The air temperature, relative humidity and PAR were correlated to weed leaf angle, which correlated the most with fluazifop performance.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da interferência de Euphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) em diferentes densidades e épocas de semeadura sobre o rendimento do feijoeiro e seus componentes e o nível de dano econômico (NDE). O experimento foi conduzido em campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram alocadas oito densidades de EPHHL (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 e 142 pl m-2) e, nas subparcelas, duas épocas de semeadura da infestante (12 dias antes da semeadura do feijoeiro e simultaneamente à cultura). As perdas de rendimento da cultura do feijão foram diretamente proporcionais à densidade de plantas de EPHHL. A implantação simultânea das espécies cultivada e daninha resultou em perda máxima de 48% no rendimento de grãos de feijão, enquanto a semeadura de EPHHL 12 dias antes do feijoeiro resultou em perda de 60% no rendimento de grãos. O número de legumes por planta foi o principal componente do rendimento afetado pela competição. Cada planta de EPHHL reduziu em 2,4 e 5,5% o rendimento de grãos de feijoeiro, para as situações de implantação simultânea e 12 dias antes da semeadura da cultura, respectivamente. Análise de sensibilidade indicou que os valores de NDE dependeram da época de implantação da planta daninha, da expectativa de rendimento da cultura, da eficiência do herbicida, do valor do produto colhido e do custo do controle. Entretanto, em todas as simulações, o NDE foi muito baixo (<3,3 plantas m-2), enfatizando a necessidade de herbicidas residuais para evitar perdas econômicas na cultura.

This study aimed to assess the impact of Euphorbia heterophylla(EPHHL) interference at different densities and sowing dates on common bean grain yield and its components, and to determine crop weed economic threshold (WET). The field experiment consisted of a randomized block design in a split plot arrangement of the treatments, with four replicates. On the main plots, eight densities of EPHHL (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 and 142 pl m-2) were allocated; and on the subplots, there were two sowings of weeds (12 days before and simultaneous to the bean crop sowing). The common bean grain yield losses were directly proportional to weed density. Simultaneous employment of crop and weed resulted in the maximum 48% of bean grain yield loss. The sowing of EPHHL 12 days before bean reduced crop grain yield in 60%. The number of pods per plant was the main yield component affected by weed interference. Each EPHHL plant has reduced from 2.4 to 5.5% the common bean grain yield, when sowed simultaneous and 12 days prior to the crop, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicate that the WET depended on the crop grain yield potential, the efficiency of the herbicide, the crop value, and the cost of EPHHL control. However, in all the simulations, the WET was very low (< 3.3 plants m-2), which emphasizes the need of residual herbicides to avoid crop economic losses.

We report results obtained with sera from 58 chronic chagasic patients that were evaluated for effects on heart rate and atrioventricular (AV) conduction in isolated rabbit hearts and screened for the presence of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic activity. We show that sera from 26 patients decreased heart rate, while 10 increased it and 22 had no effect. Additionally, sera from 20 of the 58 patients blocked AV conduction. Muscarinic activation seems to be involved in both effects, but is not the only mechanism, since atropine did not antagonize the decrease in heart rate in 23% of sera or AV block in 40%. Sera from patients with complex arrhythmias were significantly more effective in depressing both heart rate and AV conduction. Sera that induce increases in heart rate seem to operate exclusively through beta-adrenergic activation. Two of these sera, evaluated with respect to intercellular communication in primary cultures of embryonic cardiomyocytes were able to block gap junction conductance evaluated by a dye injection technique after 24-h exposure. The mechanisms underlying this uncoupling effect are currently being investigated.