RESUMO Este artigo se dedica a responder duas questões. Primeiro, como as autoridades antitruste deveriam considerar startups de base tecnológica ou aquisições de empresas inovadoras jovens. Em segundo lugar, quais são os desafios institucionais atuais neste tópico. Analisamos o debate teórico antitruste e examinamos casosrecentesde fusões ou aquisições nos Estados Unidos e na União Europeia para extrair algumas ideias sobre essas questões. Além disso, exploramos brevemente a estrutura brasileira para traçar uma agenda política e acadêmica nesse país. Sustentamos que as participações de mercado não são uma proxy precisa para o poder de mercado, considerando a capacidade de sucesso em estratégias de inovação; elas podem ser altamente voláteis ou podem não mostrar apropriadamente o potencial da empresa na competição por inovação. Vemos que há contribuições importantes na busca por princípios gerais sobre os incentivos para inovar após a fusão. Entretanto, esses princípios foram criados de modo a dar conta de todos os tipos de efeitos na inovação provenientes de fusões, e ainda não há procedimentos bem definidos no cenário internacional ou nacional. Para o caso de startups ou empresas jovens, levantamos algumas questões a serem abordadas: a reduzida ou inexistente participação de mercado e a importância de identificar o comprador e possíveis mudanças nos seus incentivos para manter o caminho da inovação são algumas especificidades que tornam as análises ainda mais complexas. Existem lacunas relevantes para as autoridades antitruste, pois os limites de apresentação baseiam-se principalmente nas receitas das empresas. A introdução de limites adicionais para o valor da transação e uma melhor interação entre a inovação e as políticas de concorrência podem ser um ponto de partida.

ABSTRACT This paper is devoted to answering two questions. First, as to how the antitrust authorities should consider knowledge-based startups or the acquisition of young innovative firms. Second, what the current institutional challenges in this topic are. We looked at the antitrust theoretical debate and examined two recent merger cases of the ICT industry in the United States and in the European Union in order to extract insights about these questions. In addition, we briefly explored the Brazilian institutional framework to propose an agenda in terms of policies and academic research for this country. We sustain that market shares are not an accurate proxy for market power considering the possibility of being successful in terms of innovation strategies; they can be highly volatile or might not appropriately show the firm’s potential in the process of competition by innovation. There are important contributions that present general principles concerning the incentives to innovate post-merger. Nevertheless, they were designed to encompass all kind of merger effects on innovation and still there are no well-defined procedures in the international or national scenario. Regarding startups and young firms, some issues are addressed: the small or even non-existent market share and the importance of identifying the buyer and their changes in incentives to maintain the innovation path are some characteristics that make the analyses even more complex. There are relevant gaps for the antitrust authorities, since submission thresholds are mainly based on companies’ revenues. The introduction of additional thresholds for the value of transaction and a better interaction between innovation and competition policies may be a starting point.

Abstract Introduction Several surgical training simulators have been created for residents and young surgeons to gain experience with surgical procedures. Laboratory training is fundamental for acquiring familiarity with the techniques of surgery and skill in handing instruments. Objective The aim of this study is to present a novel simulator for training sialendoscopy. Method This realistic simulator was built with a synthetic thermo-retractile, thermosensible rubber which, when combined with different polymers, producesmore than 30 different formulas. These formulas present textures, consistencies, and mechanical resistance are similar to many human tissues. Results The authors present a training model to practice sialendoscopy. All aspects of the procedure are simulated: month opening, dilatation of papillae, insert of the scope, visualization of stones, extraction of these stones with grasping or baskets, and finally, stone fragmentation with holmium laser. Conclusion This anatomical model for sialendoscopy training should be considerably useful to abbreviate the learning curve during the qualification of young surgeons while minimizing the consequences of technical errors.

Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the etiology of peptic ulcer disease. Its prevalence appears to be higher in developing countries. We evaluated the seroprevalence of H. pylori and risk factors associated with infection in voluntary blood donors who attended the main blood center of the city of Salvador, Brazil. The subjects responded to an epidemiological questionnaire, with information about sex, age, race, lifestyle, social-economic level indicators, and residence and hygiene conditions. Anti-H. pylori antibody was determined by ELISA (Cobas Core, Roche). Three hundred and seven subjects were included in the study. Anti-H. pylori antibody results were indeterminate in 33 individuals (10.8%), who were excluded from analysis. Among the remaining 274 subjects, 187 (68.2%) were anti-H. pylori positive. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis three variables were found to be significantly associated with a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection: absence of plumbing in the residence during childhood, a history of rainwater invading the dwelling during childhood, and low ingestion of milk.