RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou realizar uma análise bibliométrica e revisão de literatura acerca da produção de filmes à base de gelatina para aplicação como embalagens alimentícias, abordando os principais avanços e limitações. A busca de artigos foi realizada na base de dados da Scopus e os dados bibliométricos obtidos pela ferramenta Bibliometrix (RStudio software). Verificou-se uma grande variedade de compostos que podem ser incorporados nos filmes de gelatina, a fim de superar suas limitações relacionadas à alta solubilidade e baixas propriedades mecânicas, bem como para obtenção de funções ativas ou inteligentes. Dentre os compostos mais reportados, têm-se: óleos essenciais, pigmentos extraídos de vegetais e outros agentes antimicrobianos. Os alimentos mais reportados como matriz de aplicação foram: carnes (peixe, frango e camarão), leite, queijo e frutas, minimamente processadas. Mesmo com tendências promissoras, o maior desafio no âmbito das aplicações reais em larga escala é a obtenção de biopolímeros facilmente degradáveis, com estabilidade estrutural e funcional similar aos polímeros sintéticos. Dessa forma, o maior enfoque dessa temática em pesquisas poderá favorecer avanços significativos para o uso dessas embalagens, impactando positivamente diversos dos Objetivos para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, preconizados pela Organização das Nações Unidas.

ABSTRACT: This research carried out a bibliometric analysis and literature review on the production of gelatin-based films for application as food packaging, addressing the main advances and limitations. The search for articles was performed in the Scopus database, and bibliometric data were obtained using the Bibliometrix tool (RStudio software). It was observed that a wide variety of compounds can be incorporated into gelatin films to overcome the limitations related to their high solubility and low mechanical properties, as well as to obtain active or smart functions. Among the most reported compounds were essential oils, pigments extracted from vegetables, and other antimicrobial agents. The most reported foods as an application matrix were meat (fish, chicken, and shrimp), milk, cheese, and minimally processed fruits. Even with promising trends, the biggest challenge for large-scale applications is to obtain easily degradable biopolymers with structural and functional stability similar to synthetic polymers. Thus, a greater focus on this theme in research may favor significant advances in the use of these packages and positively impact several of the Sustainable Development Goals, as recommended by the United Nations.

ABSTRACT Tartrazine yellow is a dye commonly used in the food, textile, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The effluents generated containing this contaminant must be treated since it presents potential carcinogenicity to the cells. The adsorption stands out among the other techniques used to remove dye from wastewater due to its ease of operation and implementation, and high removal rate. However, the production of effective and low-cost adsorbents is a constant challenge. Gelatin is a promising compound for the production of adsorbent composites, enabling the improvement of its low mechanical properties and accelerated degradation, by the addition of carbonaceous, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT’s). Taking into account economic and environmental aspects, gelatin can be recovered from chromium-tanned leather wastes (RCTLW). Thus, this work aimed to study the adsorption of the tartrazine yellow dye by adsorbent composites based on: (1) commercial gelatin/CNT’s beads and (2) RCTLW gelatin/CNT’s beads. Commercial and RCTLW gelatin composite beads showed an adsorption capacity of 202.39 and 131.32 mg.g–1, respectively, estimated by the Langmuir model. In adsorption kinetics, the density continued to increase after 300 min for both the composite materials, with better prediction of the pseudo-first order model. In the reuse study, the commercial and RCTLW gelatin composite beads proved to be usable for up to 10 cycles, with regenerations of 45 to 68% and 45 to 61%, respectively. In general, the composite beads of gelatin showed promise for the adsorption of dyes, mainly RCTLW gelatin, since it makes possible the use and minimization of wastes.

ABSTRACT The textile industries are responsible for generating large volumes of effluents containing toxic dyes, harmful to ecosystems if disposed of without prior treatment. The adsorption process stands out due to its simplicity and efficiency in removing a wide variety of contaminants present in effluents, also, it allows the use of residual biomass from agriculture. The soybean hull is a by-product of wide available but made used only for animal feed. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the soybean husk as a biosorbent of the 5G blue reactive dye, widely used in the dyeing processes of the textile industries. The soybean hull was characterized by SEM and FTIR. Kinetic and equilibrium tests were carried out under conditions of pH 2, 40 ºC, and 90 rpm. Besides, kinetic and equilibrium mathematical models previously described in the literature were adjusted to the experimental data. Through the morphological characterization of the biosorbent, it was possible to evidence superficial pores in practically all their extension, a characteristic that directly influences the adsorption process. The analysis of FTIR showed, as expected, the presence of functional groups characteristic of lignocellulosic substances. Besides, the results obtained in the kinetic and equilibrium essays in the studied conditions show that the adsorption equilibrium was obtained in about 120 min, with the removal of 88% of the dye. The mathematical modeling indicated that the pseudo-second order and Sips models were the most adequate to represent the kinetic and equilibrium experimental data, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated experimentally and predicted by the Sips model were 53.33 and 48.13 mg g-1, respectively. In general, the biosorbent studied was effective to remove the reactive dye.

Abstract A Plackett–Burman Factorial Design of 16 experiments was conducted to assess the influence of nine factors on the production of lipases by filamentous fungi. The factors investigated were bran type (used as the main carbon source), nitrogen source, nitrogen source concentration, inducer, inducer concentration, fungal strain (Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus flavus were selected as good lipase producers via submerged fermentation), pH and agitation. The concentration of the yeast extract and soybean oil and the pH had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on lipase production and were consecutively studied through a Full Factorial Design 23, with the concentration of yeast extract and pH being significant (p < 0.05). These variables were optimized using a central composite design, obtaining maximum lipolytic activities with the use of 45 g/L of yeast extract and pH 7.15. The statistical model showed a 94.12% correlation with the experimental data.