Anoikis is a type of apoptosis that occurs in response to the loss of adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Anoikis resistance is a critical mechanism in cancer and contributes to tumor metastasis. Nitric oxide (NO) is frequently upregulated in the tumor area and is considered an important player in cancer metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NO on adhesiveness, invasiveness, and migration of anoikis-resistant endothelial cells. Here, we report that anoikis-resistant endothelial cells overexpress endothelial nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of NO release in anoikis-resistant endothelial cells was able to decrease adhesiveness to fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV. This was accompanied by an increase in cell invasiveness and migration. Furthermore, anoikis-resistant cell lines displayed a decrease in fibronectin and collagen IV protein expression after L-NAME treatment. These alterations in adhesiveness and invasiveness were the consequence of MMP-2 up-regulation observed after NO release inhibition. The decrease in NO levels was able to down-regulate the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) protein expression. ATF3 represses MMP-2 gene expression by antagonizing p53-dependent trans-activation of the MMP-2 promoter. We speculate that the increased release of NO by anoikis-resistant endothelial cells acted as a response to restrict the MMP-2 action, interfering in MMP-2 gene expression via ATF3 regulation. The up-regulation of nitric oxide by anoikis-resistant endothelial cells is an important response to restrict tumorigenic behavior. Without this mechanism, invasiveness and migration potential would be even higher, as shown after L-NAME treatment.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos e nutricionais das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 90 pintos machos, Cobb-500, com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de três aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: uma dieta referência e quatro dietas com substituição de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% da dieta referência pelas folhas de MOL. O período experimental teve duração de oito dias, utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMAMS), da proteína bruta (CMAPB) e da energia bruta (CMAEB). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito quadrático das variáveis à medida que a moringa era adicionada à ração referência. Na derivação das equações de regressão, o nível que proporcionou os melhores valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB foi de 37,7% de substituição. O farelo de folhas MOL apresentou médias de 3140kcal/kg de EMA, 2845kcal/kg de EMAn, 76,92% de CMAEB, 76,63% de CMAMS e 73,42% de CMAPB.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the energy and nutritional value of the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOL) for broilers. We used 90 male chicks, Cobb-500, with 14 days of age in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions of three birds. The treatments were: reference diet and 4 diets with substitution of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the diet by reference sheet MOL. The trial lasted eight days, using the method of total excreta collection. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent metabolizable coefficient of dry matter (AMCDM), crude protein (AMCCP) and gross energy (AMCGE). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% probability. There was a quadratic effect of the variables as the moringa was added to the reference diet. In the derivation of the regression equations the level that provided the best values of AME, AMEn, AMCGE was 37.7% substitution. The leaves meal MOL presented average 3140kcal / kg of AME, 2845kcal / kg AMEn, 76.92% of AMCGE, 76.63% of AMCDM and 73.42% of AMCCP.

Objetivou-se determinar a temperatura e o tempo de secagem por rolos rotativos, aos quais a, levedura de cana-de-açúcar é submetida que permitam seu melhor aproveitamento energético por galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte. Para isso foram realizados três ensaios de metabolismo para determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMMS) e da energia bruta (CMEB). O primeiro ensaio foi conduzido com galinhas poedeiras (E1), o segundo com frangos de corte (E2) em crescimento e o terceiro com frangos de corte em diferentes idades (E3). Nos ensaios E1 e E2 os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referência, milho e farelo de soja, e cinco dietas teste contendo 20% da levedura a ser testada em substituição à ração referência. As leveduras avaliadas foram secas por rolagem e submetidas aos seguintes processamentos: LevA - secagem a 107ºC por 107 segundos; LevB - 95ºC por 107'; LevC - 100ºC por 107'; LevD - 100ºC por 93' e LevE - 100ºC por 123'. No E3 determinou-se a EMA, EMAn, CMMS e CMEB da LevB com frangos de 1 a 8 dias, 14 a 22 dias e 28 a 36 dias de idade. No E1 não foram observadas diferenças nos valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB entre as leveduras, com médias de 1.773kcal/kg, 1.733kcal/kg e 40,22%, respectivamente. Entretanto o CMMS foi maior para a LevD (50,36%). No E2 os valores de EMA (1.633kcal/kg), EMAn (1.382kcal/kg) e CMEB (32,22%) foram melhores para a LevB, porém não houve diferença significativa nos valores de CMMS (29,63%). No E3 foram encontrados valores de 2.723; 1.604 e 1.414kcal/kg para EMA; 2.366, 1.391 e 1.303kcal/kg para EMAn; 52,43%, 36,74%, e 25,64% para CMMS; e 54,37%, 33,49% e 24,96% para CMEB, nas idades de 1 a 8 dias, 14 a 22 dias e 28 a 36 dias, respectivamente. Conclui-se que para poedeiras a levedura deve ser seca a 100ºC por 93' ou 107 segundos ou ainda a 95ºC por 107 segundos e para frangos ser seca a 95ºC por 107 segundos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the temperature and drying time through rotative rolls, that sugar cane yeast is subjected to in order to allow best energy utilization by laying hens and broilers. Three metabolism trials were conducted to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), coefficient of apparent metabolizable dry matter (CAMDM) and gross energy (CAMGE). The first experiment was conducted with laying hens (E1), the second with broilers (E2) in growth and the third with broilers at different ages (E3). In the experiments E1 and E2 the treatments consisted of a reference diet, based on corn and soybean meal, and five test diets containing 20% of the yeast to be tested. The evaluated yeasts were subjected to the following processes: Lev.A) drying at 107°C for 107 seconds; Lev.B) 95°C for 107'; Lev.C) 100ºC for 107'; Lev.D) 100°C for 93' and Lev.E) 100ºC for 123'. For the E3 group AME, AMEn, CAMDM and CAMGE were determined for the Lev.B of broilers with 1 to 8 days 14 to 22 days, and 28 to 36 days of age. In E1 there were no differences in AME, AMEn and CAMGE between yeasts, with mean of 1773kcal/kg 1733kcal/kg and 40.22%, respectively. However the CMMS was greater for Lev.D (50.36%). In E2, the AME (1633kcal/kg), AMEn (1382kcal/kg) and CAMGE (32.22%) were best for Lev.B, but there was no significant difference in the values of CAMMD (29 63%). TheE3 grouphad values of 2723kcal/kg; 1604kcal/kg and 1414kcal/kg of AME; 2366kcal/kg, 1391kcal/kg and 1303kcal/kg of AMEn; 52.43%, 36.74%, and 25.64% of CAMDM; and 54.37%, 33.49% and 24.96% of CAMGE, in the ages of 1 to 8 days, 14 to 22 days and 28 to 36 days, respectively. In conclusion, for layer hens, the yeast should be dried at 100°C for 93' or 107 seconds or 95ºC for 107' and for, broilers, it should be dried at 95°C for 107 seconds.

The syndecans, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, are abundant molecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix and consist of a protein core to which heparan sulfate chains are covalently attached. Each of the syndecan core proteins has a short cytoplasmic domain that binds cytosolic regulatory factors. The syndecans also contain highly conserved transmembrane domains and extracellular domains for which important activities are becoming known. These protein domains locate the syndecan on cell surface sites during development and tumor formation where they interact with other receptors to regulate signaling and cytoskeletal organization. The functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan have been centered on the role of heparan sulfate chains, located on the outer side of the cell surface, in the binding of a wide array of ligands, including extracellular matrix proteins and soluble growth factors. More recently, the core proteins of the syndecan family transmembrane proteoglycans have also been shown to be involved in cell signaling through interaction with integrins and tyrosine kinase receptors.