Abstract To review scientific evidence on the effects of a gluten-free diet on body composition and improvement of clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes - PRISMA guidelines were followed. A literature search was performed in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Trip Database, Bireme and Scielo databases, without language restriction, until March 2021. The terms “gluten-free diet”, “obesity”, “metabolic syndrome”, and “weight loss”, and Boolean operators (AND/OR) were used. The clinical hypothesis was structured according to the acronym PICOT. Randomized clinical trials with adult and elderly humans without a diagnosis of celiac disease, consuming a gluten-free diet, evaluating associations of the effects of this diet on weight loss and metabolic syndrome components were considered eligible. To assess the risk of bias, the RoB2 was used. A total of 3,198 articles were identified and, after the screening and evaluation of pre-defined eligibility criteria, four studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Weight loss was not associated with a gluten-free diet. However, individuals under a gluten-free diet had lower mean waist circumference, fat percentage (-2.3%) and serum triglyceride levels. The impact of a gluten-free diet on metabolic syndrome parameters is still controversial. In individuals without gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, the consumption of a gluten-free diet appears to provide no nutritional benefit.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional associando-o à disfagia e comparar a ingestão calórico-proteica de idosos disfágicos e não disfágicos durante internação hospitalar. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com idosos de 60 a 80 anos admitidos nas enfermarias de clínica médica e neurológica de um hospital público, compondo-se dois grupos pela presença de disfagia: idosos disfágicos e não-disfágicos. Os critérios de inclusão foram: disfagia secundária a acidente vascular encefálico e alimentação oral exclusiva. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e aplicada a miniavaliação nutricional (MAN). O recordatório de 24h foi utilizado para análise do consumo alimentar. Na análise estatística foram utilizados o Teste Exato de Fisher para associação e Teste de Mann Whitney para comparação das variáveis. Resultados: participaram 12 idosos, média da idade de 70,50± 7,77 anos no grupo disfágico (n=6) e 72,67± 5,01 anos no grupo não-disfágico (n=6). Houve uma associação entre a presença de disfagia e risco de desnutrição pela MAN (p=0.028). Não houve diferença significante quanto à ingestão calórica e proteica entre os grupos. O grupo disfágico apresentou ingestão hídrica inferior em relação ao grupo não disfágico (p=0.045). Conclusão: a disfagia foi associada ao risco de desnutrição e à menor ingestão de líquidos em pacientes disfágicos, aumentando o risco de desidratação.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the nutritional status associated with dysphagia, and compare the calorie and protein intake of dysphagic elderly patients to that of non dysphagic ones, during hospitalization. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with elderly people ranging from 60 to 80 years old admitted as inpatients in a medical and neurological clinic of a public hospital. They formed two groups, according to the presence of dysphagia: dysphagic and non dysphagic ones. The inclusion criteria were: dysphagia secondary to stroke and exclusive oral feeding. Anthropometric measurements and the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were applied. The 24-hour recall was used to analyze food consumption. The statistical analysis used the Fisher's exact test for the association of variables, and the Mann-Whitney test, for their comparison. Results: a total of 12 elderly people participated, whose mean age was 70.50 ± 7.77 years in the dysphagia group (n = 6), and 72.67 ± 5.01 years in the non dysphagia group (n = 6).There was an association between the presence of dysphagia and the risk of malnutrition, according to MNA (p = 0.028). No significant difference in calorie and protein intake was seen between the groups. The group with dysphagia had a lower water intake as compared to the non dysphagia group (p = 0.045). Conclusion: dysphagia was associated with the risk of malnutrition and lower fluid intake in dysphagic patients, thus, increasing their risk of dehydration.

OBJETIVO: identificar o estado nutricional, função mastigatória, aeração nasal, dados sobre o sono, olfato e paladar de crianças respiradoras orais e compará-las com um grupo de crianças respiradoras nasais. MÉTODOS: avaliou-se estado nutricional, modo respiratório e mastigação de 77 crianças respiradoras orais e 154 respiradoras nasais entre seis e dez anos. RESULTADOS: os respiradores orais apresentaram alterações no padrão mastigatório, quando comparados aos respiradores nasais, porém não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao estado nutricional. CONCLUSÃO: em crianças respiradoras orais houve maior alteração no sono, diminuição da ingestão de carboidratos e aumento da ingestão de lipídeos, porém não foram encontrados dados consistentes que apontem a associação entre a respiração oral e o estado nutricional.

PURPOSE: identify nutritional state, masticatory function, respiratory mode, sense of smell and sense of taste among mouth breathing children. METHODS: nasal aeration, mastication, nutritional state of 77 mouth breathing children and 154 nasal breathers children between six and ten years were evaluated. RESULTS: mouth breathers exhibited alterations in the masticatory pattern when compared to the nasal-breathers, but did not have statistical significance in nutritional state. CONCLUSION: the oral-breathing children had more alteration in sleep, reduction in the ingestion of carbohydrate and increase in ingestion of lipids, however, no consistent data were found pointing out the association between mouth breathing and nutritional condition.