Estimou-se a prevalência de tuberculose em bovinos, e em seus respectivos rebanhos, abatidos em 2009 no estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando como diagnóstico confirmatório o exame bacteriológico e o molecular a partir de fragmentos de tecidos lesionados. Nos sete abatedouros selecionados, detentores de serviço de inspeção federal (SIF), foram inspecionados 41.193 bovinos, sadios ao exame ante mortem, procedentes de 492 rebanhos originários de 85 (60%) municípios mato-grossenses. Um total de 198 carcaças apresentaram lesões suspeitas. Apenas três carcaças (3/198) apresentaram lesões confirmadas como tuberculosas pelos diagnósticos laboratoriais. A prevalência aparente de tuberculose bovina em animais e rebanhos abatidos no estado de Mato Grosso foi de 0,007% [IC 95% = -0,001%; 0,016%] e 0,61% [IC 95% = -0,08%; 1,30%], respectivamente. O estado do Mato Grosso possui, naturalmente, um status sanitário considerado de baixa prevalência.

The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, and its herds, slaughtered in 2009 in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, was estimated using bacteriological analysis and molecular test, from fragments of injured tissues as well as direct DNA templates. 41,193 cattle, which appeared healthy in the ante mortem examination, from seven selected slaughterhouses, under Brazilian federal inspection services (SIF), were inspected. The animals were from 492 herds located in 85 (60%) different cities of Mato Grosso. A total of the 198 carcasses had suspicious lesions. Three carcasses (3/198) had lesions that were found to be tuberculous in laboratory diagnosis. The apparent prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the total number of animals and in herds slaughtered in Mato Grosso was 0.007% [IC 95% = -0.001%; 0.016%] and 0.61% [IC 95% = -0.08%; 1.30%], respectively. The sanitation status demonstrated in Mato Grosso indicates the progress in this state toward the eradication of bovine tuberculosis.

Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (167) were obtained from 528 samples of canine otitis externa, identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobials. The most effective drug was ciprofloxacin. The study reports alarming resistance among P. aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis externa samples in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Samples from intestines, liver, and lymph nodes were collected from a dairy steer with clinical suspicion of paratuberculosis. The samples were processed for histologic examination with hematoxylin-eosin and Zihel-Neelsen (ZN) staining for the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHC). Macroscopic changes were observed in the small intestines, with thickening and corrugation of the mucosa. The main microscopic changes were found in small intestines, lymph vessels in the mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes characterized by enteritis, lymphangiectasia, and lymphadenitis. Liver presented with granulomatous hepatitis, an uncommon histopathological feature for paratuberculosis. The clinical features associated with positive culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and detection of AFB by ZN and IHC in the cytoplasm of macrophages (epithelioid) in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, lymph nodes, and liver were important to confirm the diagnosis of paratuberculosis.

O estudo se propõe a avaliar a etiologia e a susceptibilidade de estafilococos isolados de cães com dermatite. Os isolados foram identificados por provas bioquímicas e testados quanto a sua susceptibilidade a 15 antimicrobianos. Trinta e nove isolados de Staphylococci foram obtidos, e S. pseudintermedius foi mais freqüente (47,4%). Todos isolados apresentaram resistência a pelo menos uma droga e 77,1% foram multirresistentes. A oxacilina foi a droga mais eficaz. O estudo demonstra níveis alarmantes de resistência antimicrobiana nos Staphylococcus de pioderma canino.

The study aimed to determine the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from canine pyoderma. Samples were obtained from dogs with pyoderma and isolates were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Thirty nine staphylococci isolates were obtained, and S. pseudintermedius was the most frequent (47.4%). All isolates showed resistance to at least one drug and 77.1% were multiresistant. The most effective drug was oxacillin. The study reports the alarming antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolated from canine pyoderma samples.

Os fatores de risco para mastite subclínica (CCS > 200.000 células/ml) foram estudados em 2.657 vacas, de 24 rebanhos de Minas Gerais. Cada rebanho foi visitado três vezes entre novembro de 2005 e junho de 2006. Amostras de leite (n=3.987) de vacas em lactação foram examinadas para contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e um questionário foi aplicado para obtenção de dados dos animais e do manejo do rebanho. Os valores para a média, mediana e desvio-padrão da CCS foram 608.000, 219.000 e 967.000 células/ml, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco para mastite subclínica foram: animais com a base do úbere junto ou abaixo do jarrete, rachaduras ou fissuras nas partes de borracha do equipamento de ordenha, inadequação das teteiras, deficiência de limpeza dos pulsadores, falta de treinamento dos ordenhadores, não-utilização de diagnóstico microbiológico para mastite, imersão do conjunto de teteiras em solução desinfetante entre a ordenha de animais distintos, e inserção total da cânula de antibiótico nos tetos na secagem da vaca. A alta variação da CCS (608.000± 967.000 células/ml) sugere que outros fatores, como o número de quartos mamários infectados e os patógenos envolvidos, podem ter influenciado os resultados. A metodologia utilizada não permitiu identificar todos os fatores que poderiam aumentar a CCS. Contudo, os resultados são úteis para aprimorar os programas de controle da mastite.

This study was carried out to identify risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCC > 200,000 cells/ml). A total of 2,657 lactating cows from 24 herds in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were included in the study. Each farm was visited three times in an 8-month period from November 2005 to June 2006. At each visit, all milking cows were examined for clinical mastitis by a single observer. A total of 3,987 milk samples were examined for somatic cell counts (SCC). The mean, median, and standard deviation values for SCC were, respectively, 608,000, 219,000, and 967,000 cells/ml. Risk factors for subclinical mastitis were: udder positioned at the same height or below the hock, presence of cracks or fissures in the rubber parts of the milking machine, inadequacy of teat cups, infrequent and unsuitable scheme for cleaning the pulsators, milkers unable to operate the milking equipments, no information about the mastitis pathogens present in the herd, immersion of teat cups in disinfectant solution between milkings, and total insertion of cannula in teats during antibiotic treatment. The high variation of the SCC values (608,000± 967,000 cells/ml) suggests that other factors such as number of infected mammary quarters and pathogens involved could have influenced the results. The used methodology did not allow to identify all risk factors that increase SCC. Therefore, the results can also be used to improve the currently mastitis control programs adopted by those herds.

A Paratuberculose é uma enterite crônica que afeta ruminantes, causada por Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). A doença é cosmopolita e determina importantes perdas econômicas. No Brasil, o agente foi isolado nas regiões Sul e Nordeste além do Rio de Janeiro, mas não há estudos epidemiológicos suficientes sobre sua ocorrência. O isolamento de Map dos tecidos ou amostras fecais é 100% especifico, mas Map apresenta o crescimento mais fastidioso dentre todas as micobactérias, com período de incubação de até 8 -12 semanas, dependente de fonte exógena de micobactina J. Os testes diagnósticos baseados em seqüências especificas de DNA permitem uma identificação rápida e segura, e PCR tem sido usado para confirmar resultados de cultura positiva e para identificar Map em fezes, leite ou tecidos. O alvo mais frequentemente utilizado é o gene que codifica para o 16S rRNA, e o elemento de inserção IS900. Testes sorológicos são amplamente utilizados para o diagnóstico de rebanho. Um ELISA comercial com uma etapa de pré-adsorção com M. phlei alcança uma especificidade de 95,4% a 99% e uma sensibilidade de cerca de 45%. Até agora, não existe tratamento efetivo para animais doentes e os programas de controle são baseados em medidas de manejo e descarte dos animais sintomáticos. No Brasil, a paratuberculose foi recentemente demonstrada mesmo em rebanhos fechados e autóctones. Assim, é essencial realizar-se um inquérito epidemiológico nacional e investigar o impacto econômico da enfermidade em nossos rebanhos. Estes resultados poderiam ser utilizados para um programa de controle da paratuberculose adaptado ás necessidades de nosso país.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis that affects ruminants and is caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). The disease is worldwide spread and causes important economic losses. In Brazil, the bacillus was isolated in the south and northeast regions of the country and in Rio de Janeiro, but there are no enough epidemiological studies about its occurrence. Isolation of Map from tissues or fecal samples is 100% specific, but Map shows the most fastidious growth of all mycobacteria. Incubation lasts 8 -12 weeks, with a dependency on exogenous mycobactin J. Diagnostic tests based on specific DNA sequences allow fast and secure identification, and PCR has been used to confirm positive culture results and to identify Map in feces, milk and tissues. The most frequently used target sequences are the gene encoding the 16S rRNA, and the insertion element IS900. Serological assays are widely used for the herd diagnosis of the disease. A commercial ELISA with M. phlei pre-adsorption step achieves a specificity of 95.4% to 99% and a sensitivity of about 45%. Until now, there is no effective treatment for ill animals and control programs are based on managing procedures of herds and culling of symptomatic animals. In Brazil, paratuberculosis was recently identified and has been demonstrated even in autochthonous closed herds. Therefore, it is essential to perform an epidemiological national research and to investigate the economic impact of the disease in our herds. These results could promote a control program of paratuberculosis adapted to the Brazilian requirements.

Aiming to understanding the goat industry in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from 1998-2000, this study was carried out in 48 goat farms, 72.9% of which with an area of less than eight hectares. Also, 62.5% of the farms had irregular topography, and 69% of them kept Saanen breed in a confined system (93.7%). Animals were housed between 16 to 24 hours/day in suspended wooden stalls, and 83.3% were dairy goats.