ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the most common disease in primary care settings. Only 30% of cases were adequately controlled. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the knowledge and understanding of patients with hypertension regarding the factors that facilitate and limit adherence to treatment and, based on the results, build specific guidelines on hypertension self-care and control. DESIGN AND SETTING: This qualitative study was conducted in a primary healthcare setting. METHODS: Patients with hypertension who were followed at a primary healthcare unit were interviewed through focus groups, and a qualitative interpretation of their statements according to Bardin’s content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Three focus groups were formed (21 participants), from whose analysis emerged 74 core ideas related to the concept of hypertension, causes of increase in blood pressure, clinical consequences of hypertension, and possible patients’ contributions to help control blood pressure, arising from eating habits, psychosocial conditions, and lifestyle. Patients tend to accept the concept of “high blood pressure” as an inherent condition of the disease in their lives. Eating habits are strongly related to life history and self-perception of health. The association between high blood pressure and nervousness or stress appears to be strong. CONCLUSION: The experience of having “pressure problem” is unique for each person. It is necessary to optimize listening, recognizing that, for the patient to understand what hypertension is and its management, there must be understanding and convergence of proposals, adjustments, and changes in a positive and personalized way. As a result of this study, we implemented educational actions in primary healthcare units.

ABSTRACT The considerable volume of data generated by sensors in the field presents systematic errors; thus, it is extremely important to exclude these errors to ensure mapping quality. The objective of this research was to develop and test a methodology to identify and exclude outliers in high-density spatial data sets, determine whether the developed filter process could help decrease the nugget effect and improve the spatial variability characterization of high sampling data. We created a filter composed of a global, anisotropic, and an anisotropic local analysis of data, which considered the respective neighborhood values. For that purpose, we used the median to classify a given spatial point into the data set as the main statistical parameter and took into account its neighbors within a radius. The filter was tested using raw data sets of corn yield, soil electrical conductivity (ECa), and the sensor vegetation index (SVI) in sugarcane. The results showed an improvement in accuracy of spatial variability within the data sets. The methodology reduced RMSE by 85 %, 97 %, and 79 % in corn yield, soil ECa, and SVI respectively, compared to interpolation errors of raw data sets. The filter excluded the local outliers, which considerably reduced the nugget effects, reducing estimation error of the interpolated data. The methodology proposed in this work had a better performance in removing outlier data when compared to two other methodologies from the literature.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the most common disease in primary care settings. Only 30% of cases were adequately controlled. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the knowledge and understanding of patients with hypertension regarding the factors that facilitate and limit adherence to treatment and, based on the results, build specific guidelines on hypertension self-care and control. DESIGN AND SETTING: This qualitative study was conducted in a primary healthcare setting. METHODS: Patients with hypertension who were followed at a primary healthcare unit were interviewed through focus groups, and a qualitative interpretation of their statements according to Bardin’s content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Three focus groups were formed (21 participants), from whose analysis emerged 74 core ideas related to the concept of hypertension, causes of increase in blood pressure, clinical consequences of hypertension, and possible patients’ contributions to help control blood pressure, arising from eating habits, psychosocial conditions, and lifestyle. Patients tend to accept the concept of “high blood pressure” as an inherent condition of the disease in their lives. Eating habits are strongly related to life history and self-perception of health. The association between high blood pressure and nervousness or stress appears to be strong. CONCLUSION: The experience of having “pressure problem” is unique for each person. It is necessary to optimize listening, recognizing that, for the patient to understand what hypertension is and its management, there must be understanding and convergence of proposals, adjustments, and changes in a positive and personalized way. As a result of this study, we implemented educational actions in primary healthcare units.

RESUMO Objetivo: O trauma cervical é uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade, com acometimento de 2% dos pacientes admitidos nas unidades de emergência. Assim sendo, a pesquisa visa comparar a utilização de dois algoritmos clínicos de avaliação da coluna cervical: Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR) e National Emergency X-radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo da utilização dos dois algoritmos por médicos residentes na avaliação inicial de pacientes traumatizados graves admitidos na unidade de emergência regional. A avaliação da indicação de exames de imagem e do valor preditivo positivo dos algoritmos foram os parâmetros analisados. Por fim, os residentes responderam a um questionário de avaliação da aplicabilidade, grau de confiança e vantagens de ambos os fluxogramas. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os números de indicação para imagem nem dos valores preditivos. Na análise do questionário, o CCR mostrou-se mais confiável e o NEXUS foi mais aplicável, sendo destacados os pontos positivos e negativos da aplicação de cada um deles. Conclusões: Conclui-se que houve semelhança na detecção de lesões e otimização da utilização de exames de imagem entre os dois métodos, sendo igualmente indicados para avaliação de traumatismo cervical, contudo cada um tem especificidades técnicas que devem ser levadas em conta no momento da escolha. Nível de evidência IV; Estudo descritivo.

ABSTRACT Objective: Cervical trauma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting 2% of patients admitted to emergency units. Therefore, this study aims to compare the use of two clinical cervical spine evaluation algorithms, the Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR) and the National Emergency X-radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS). Methods: A descriptive study of the use of the two algorithms by medical residents in the initial assessment of severely traumatized patients admitted to the regional emergency unit was conducted. The evaluation of the indication for imaging tests and the positive predictive value of the algorithms were the parameters analyzed. Finally, the residents answered a questionnaire evaluating the applicability, degree of confidence and advantages of both flowcharts. Results: There was no significant difference between the number of indications for imaging or their predictive values. In the analysis of the questionnaires, the CCR proved to be more reliable and the NEXUS more applicable, and the positive and negative points of applying each of them were highlighted. Conclusion: It is concluded that the two methods are similar in detecting injuries and optimizing the use of imaging exams, being equally indicated to evaluate cervical trauma. However, the technical specifics of each must be taken into account when deciding which to use. Level of evidence IV; Descriptive Study.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El trauma cervical es una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad, con acometimiento de 2% de los pacientes admitidos en las unidades de emergencia. Siendo así, la investigación tiene como objetivo comparar el uso de dos algoritmos clínicos de evaluación de la columna cervical: Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR) y National Emergency X-radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS). Métodos: Fue realizado un estudio descriptivo del uso de los dos algoritmos por médicos residentes en la evaluación inicial de los pacientes traumatizados graves admitidos en la unidad de emergencia regional. La evaluación de la indicación de exámenes de imagen y del valor predictivo positivo de los algoritmos fueron los parámetros analizados. Finalmente, los residentes respondieron un cuestionario de evaluación de la aplicabilidad, grado de confianza y ventajas de ambos diagramas de flujo. Resultados: No hubo diferencia significativa entre los números de indicación para imagen ni de los valores predictivos. En el análisis del cuestionario, el CCR se mostró más confiable y el NEXUS fue más aplicable, siendo destacados los puntos positivos y negativos de la aplicación de cada uno de ellos. Conclusiones: Se concluye que hubo semejanza en la detección de lesiones y optimización del uso de exámenes de imagen entre los dos métodos, siendo igualmente indicados para la evaluación de traumatismo cervical, aunque cada uno tiene especificidades técnicas que deben ser llevadas en cuenta en el momento de elegir. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudio descriptivo.

ABSTRACT: The adaptation of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology to fit the needs of farmers requires knowledge of the accuracy level delivered by a GNSS receiver in working conditions. To date, no methodology indicates the minimum number of replications to perform a statistical comparison. This study aims to advance knowledge on the methodological approach for evaluating the static and dynamic performance of GNSS receivers commonly used in agricultural operations. For the static test, a supporting frame in the ground carried all the receivers with coordinates properly transported. In the dynamic test, a circular rail with a 9.55 m radius was installed at ground level with a platform driven by an electric motor to carry the receivers at a constant speed. The transversal error of the receiver to the circular reference line was measured. The error with 95 % probability (E95) to receivers without differential correction ranged between 4.22 m and 0.85 m in the static test, and 2.25 m and 0.98 m in the dynamic test. Receivers with differential correction had E95 values below 0.10 m in the static test and 0.16 m in the dynamic test. Receivers with C/A code require five replications at minimum and 13 replications are needed for L1/L2 with differential correction signals in the dynamic test. The static test needs nine replications for C/A and five for L1/L2 with differential correction signals.

ABSTRACT: The mapping of sugarcane yield is still not as widely available as it is for grain crops. Sugarcane harvesters cut and process the cane in a single or maximum of two rows, facilitating the monitoring of cane yield and its behavior on a small scale. This study tested a method for sugarcane yield data cleaning, investigating if the data recording frequency influences the characterization of yield variations in mapping high-resolution spatial data within a single row. Four data sets from yield monitors of single row harvesting were used. A cleaning process with global and anisotropic filtering in a single sugarcane row was applied. The local outlier cleaner compares the yield value of a point with its nearest neighbors within the same row. Even after the elimination of outliers, there is great variation in yield between the rows, and this variation is much smaller in a single row. A frequency of 2 Hz was required for identifying and characterizing small yield variations within the sugarcane rows whilst other frequencies tried (0.2 and 0.1 Hz) resulted in loss of information on yield variability within the row. The difference between the root mean square error (RMSE) of ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) techniques is large enough to suggest the use of an individual yield line. Individual yield lines saved information in the data generated by the yield monitor unlike IDW and OK interpolation methods which omitted information over short distances within the rows and compromised the quality of high-resolution maps.

Abstract This article analyzes how violence constitutes one of the articulating axes of masculine identity within a world marked by the supremacy of men and masculinity. However, this mechanism has been used primarily to describe and challenge, what under the name of gender violence has focused on uncovering, the violence that men exert on women, violence that also creates privileges or favors domestic spaces in which a wide and diverse range of acts and omissions seek to perpetuate male power. This text outlines the potential of gender violence as a category to shed light on other phenomena that, although carried out by men, are rarely read from a perspective that recognizes their generic background. Events such as war, organized crime or gangs cite some of these events whose motivations will each have their own historicity but which conspire within the social construction of masculinity. Once this first question is posed, it is opened to place the need to profoundly and critically review the normative model of masculinity as a fundamental element to seek, at different scales, sustainable processes of pacification.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza cómo la violencia constituye uno de los ejes articuladores de la identidad masculina dentro de un mundo signado por la supremacía de los hombres y lo masculino. No obstante, este dispositivo se ha empleado fundamentalmente para describir e impugnar aquello que bajo la denominación violencia de género se ha concentrado en develar la violencia que los hombres ejercemos sobre las mujeres, violencia que además privilegia el espacio doméstico como aquel en donde se escenifica una amplia y diversa gama de actos y omisiones que buscan perpetuar el poder masculino. En este texto se bosqueja el potencial de la violencia de género en tanto categoría para arrojar luz sobre otros fenómenos que, si bien son protagonizados por hombres, rara vez se leen desde una perspectiva que reconoce su trasfondo genérico. Eventos como la guerra, la delincuencia organizada o el pandillerismo por citar algunos de estos acontecimientos cuyas motivaciones tendrán, cada uno, su propia historicidad pero que se producen confabulados en la construcción social de la masculinidad. Una vez planteada esa primera cuestión, se abre el entretelón para colocar la necesidad de revisar profunda y críticamente el modelo normativo de la masculinidad como un elemento fundamental para procurar, a distintas escalas, procesos de pacificación sostenibles.

A rugosidade superficial do solo é afetada, dentre outros fatores, pelo tipo de preparo, volume de chuva e estabilidade dos agregados estruturais diante da ação destrutiva da água. Em um Inceptisol, num experimento de erosão sob chuva natural realizado há 15 anos, no Sul da região do Planalto Catarinense, Brasil, avaliou-se a rugosidade superficial, a qual foi expressa por meio dos índices: rugosidade (RR), tortuosidade (T) e diferença de elevação limite (LD), no cultivo do milho, em 2003, e no cultivo da aveia, em 2004, em cujos períodos experimentais precipitaram 229 e 350 mm de chuva, respectivamente. Além disso, em 2004, entre os dois cultivos, avaliou-se a estabilidade dos agregados em água, expressa pelo diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) e diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) dos agregados. Os tratamentos de sistemas de manejo do solo foram: preparo convencional (PC) com uma aração + duas gradagens; cultivo mínimo (CM) com uma escarificação + uma gradagem, e semeadura direta (SD), ambos cultivados com milho e aveia, além de um tratamento adicional sem cultivo do solo (SC) em preparo convencional com uma aração + duas gradagens. A rugosidade foi avaliada em cinco oportunidades no cultivo do milho e em quatro da aveia, sendo a primeira avaliação imediatamente após o preparo do solo, e as demais, em intervalos sucessivos de 15 dias. A rugosidade inicial do solo foi alta e diminuiu com o aumento do volume das chuvas nos tratamentos SC, PC e CM, enquanto, na SD, a rugosidade foi alta apenas no cultivo da aveia e apresentou variação muito pequena com o aumento da chuva. O SC apresentou a maior redução da rugosidade ao acaso, enquanto a menor redução ocorreu na SD. A rugosidade superficial foi reduzida da condição original, na qual não se retiraram os efeitos da pendente e das marcas do preparo do solo, para a condição ao acaso, na qual esses efeitos foram retirados. A rugosidade superficial ao acaso relacionou-se inversamente com o volume das chuvas naturais. O decaimento máximo da rugosidade ao acaso relacionou-se inversamente com o DMP e com o DMG dos agregados estruturais.

Soil surface roughness is, among other factors, affected by soil tillage, cumulative rainfall and aggregate stability in relation to destructive water action. The soil surface roughness of a soil classified as a Haplumbrept was evaluated in an area where a water erosion experiment under natural rainfall has been carried out over the course of 15 years in the South of the Planalto Catarinense, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The soil microrelief was characterized by the indices: roughness (RR), tortuosity (T) and limiting elevation difference (LD) and was measured in 2003 in a corn crop, and in 2004 in an oat crop (cumulative rainfall during the experimental periods was 229 and 350 mm, respectively). Moreover, water aggregate stability was evaluated and expressed by the mean weight diameter (DMP) and mean geometric diameter (DMG) of aggregates between the two crops, in 2004. The studied soil tillage system treatments were: plowing plus disking (PC), chisel plow plus disking (CM), and no-tillage (SD), both under corn and oat crops. One additional treatment used as reference consisted of bare soil tillage with plowing plus disking (SC). The surface roughness was evaluated five times under corn and four times under oat. The first evaluation was carried out immediately after soil tilling and the others every other week. The initial values of the RR, T, and LD indices were high and decreased with increasing rainfall on SC, PC AND CM treatments, while in the SD treatment the afore-mentioned indices were only high for oat and varied very little as the rainfall increased. The reduction in the random RR index was the highest in the BS treatment, while the lowest reduction occurred in the SD treatment. The values of all indices under study were reduced in comparison to that of the original microrelief condition, where the slope effects and the soil tillage marks had not been removed, with the condition where they were not considered. The RR, T, and LD indices evaluated in random conditions, were inversely correlated with the natural rainfall volume. The cumulative decay of the random RR index towards the end of the experiment was inversely correlated with the DMP and DMG of the soil structure aggregates.

O preparo do solo influencia a erosão hídrica e, consequentemente, as perdas de cálcio, magnésio e carbono orgânico. Nutrientes e carbono orgânico são transportados na enxurrada superficial, podendo estar predominantemente adsorvidos aos colóides do solo ou solúveis na água, dependendo do sistema de preparo do solo. Este trabalho foi conduzido em um Inceptisol, representativo das terras de altitude de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil, entre novembro de 1999 e outubro de 2001, sob chuva natural. Os tratamentos de preparo do solo, sem repetição, foram: semeadura direta (SD), preparo mínimo do solo com escarificação + gradagem (PM) e preparo convencional do solo com aração + duas gradagens (PC), com a seqüência dos cultivos de soja (Glycine max), aveia preta (Avena sativa), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa). Um tratamento de preparo convenvional do solo com aração + duas gradagens na ausência de cultivo (SC) foi também estudado. Os conteúdos de cálcio e magnésio foram determinados na água e nos sedimentos da enxurrada superficial, enquanto o de carbono orgânico foi avaliado somente nos sedimentos. As concentrações de cálcio e magnésio foram maiores nos sedimentos do que na água da enxurrada superficial, enquanto as perdas totais desses elementos foram maiores na água do que nos sedimentos. As maiores concentrações de cálcio e magnésio na água da enxurrada superficial foram observadas sob PC, enquanto nos sedimentos as maiores concentrações ocorreram sob PM. A concentração de carbono orgânico nos sedimentos não diferiu nos tratamentos de preparo do solo, contudo, as perdas totais foram maiores sob PC.

Soil tillage influences water erosion, and consequently, losses of calcium, magnesium and organic carbon in surface runoff. Nutrients and organic carbon are transported by surface runoff in particulate form, adsorbed to soil colloids or soluble in water, depending on the soil tillage system. This study was carried out on an Inceptisol, representative of the Santa Catarina highlands, southern Brazil, between November 1999 and October 2001, under natural rainfall. The soil tillage treatments (no replications) were: no-tillage (NT), minimum soil tillage with chiseling + disking (MT), and conventional soil tillage with plowing + two diskings (CT). The crop cycles sequence was soybean (Glycine max), oats (Avena sativa), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and vetch (Vicia sativa). Conventional soil tillage treatment with plowing + two disking in the absence of crops (BS) was also studied. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined in both water and sediments of the surface runoff, while organic carbon was measured only in sediments. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were greater in sediments than in surface runoff, while total losses of these elements were greater in surface runoff than in sediments. The greatest calcium and magnesium concentrations in surface runoff were obtained under CT, while in sediments the greatest concentration occurred under MT. Organic carbon concentration in sediments did not differ under the different soil tillage systems, and the greatest total loss was under CT system.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the acute effects of high glucose concentrations on vascular reactivity in the isolated non diabetic rabbit kidney. METHODS: Rabbits were anaesthetized for isolation of the kidneys. Renal arteries and veins were cannulated for perfusion with Krebs-Henselleit solution and measurement of perfusion pressure. After 3 hours of perfusion with glucose 5,5 mM (control ) and 15 mM, the circulation was submitted to sub maximal precontraction (80% of maximal response) trough continuous infusion of noradrenaline 10 mM. Vascular reactivity was then assessed trough dose-responses curves with endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. The influence of hyperosmolarity was analyzed with perfusion with mannitol 15mM. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in glucose 15mM group was observed compared to that in control, but there was no difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation. After perfusion with mannitol 15 mM, a less expressive reduction in endothelium-dependent vasodilation was observed, only reaching significance in regard to the greatest dose of acetylcholine. CONCLUSION: High levels of glucose similar to those found in diabetic patients in the postprandial period can cause significant acute changes in renal vascular reactivity rabbits. In diabetic patients these effects may also occur and contribute to diabetes vascular disease.