Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to identify the changes on the bladder mucosa in rats after intravesical infusion of Super-oxidized solution (SOS) (Mycrodacyn60® Mexico). Design: Eighteen Wistar Albino rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly categorized into three groups. Rats in Group 1 were infused with a single dose of 1.5 ml of 0.9% saline solution (SS) whereas those in group 2 were administered a single dose of 1.5 ml pH neutral SOS. Control rats in Group 3 did not undergo any procedure. Results: The absence of bacteria was verified before and after the administration of the solution, performing urine cultures and amplifying the 16S rRNA fragment by PCR and histopathological examinations for each bladder. The absence of bacterial DNA in the uroepithelium was demonstrated, histopathological examination revealed, that irrigation with SOS, in histological observation, no structural alterations were identified in the urothelial mucosa. Limitations: It was not possible to analyze the effect of SOS absorption indamage to the uroepithelium secondary to traumatic infection or injury. The effect of irrigation at different times and volumes with SOS was also not analyzed. Originality: It is known that SOS is useful as disinfectant in skin and serosa bacterial infections, lacking toxicity and it is effective against Escherichia coli. The use of superoxide solutions in cavities such as the bladder, has not been investigated yet. Conclusion: The pH-neutral SOS infused transurethral in the bladder of rats has no adverse effects on the uroepithelium, which was supported by histopathological evidence.

Resumen Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los cambios en la mucosa de la vejiga en ratas luego de la infusión intravesical de solución superoxidada (SOS) (Mycrodacyn60® México). Diseño: Dieciocho ratas Wistar Albino que pesaban 250-300 g se clasificaron aleatoriamente en tres grupos. A las ratas del grupo 1 se les infundió una dosis única de 1,5 ml de solución salina (SS) al 0.9%, mientras que a las del grupo 2 se les administró una dosis única de 1.5 ml de pH neutro SOS. Las ratas de control del Grupo 3 no se sometieron a ningún procedimiento. Resultados: Se verificó la ausencia de bacterias antes y después de la administración de la solución, realizando urocultivos y amplificando el fragmento de ARNr 16S mediante PCR y exámenes histopatológicos de cada vejiga. Se demostró la ausencia de ADN bacteriano en el uroepitelio, el examen histopatológico reveló que la irrigación con SOS, en observación histológica, no se identificaron alteraciones estructurales en la mucosa urotelial. Limitaciones: No fue posible analizar el efecto de la absorción de SOS en el daño al uroepitelio secundario a una infección o lesión traumática. Tampoco se analizó el efecto del riego en diferentes momentos y volúmenes con SOS. Originalidad: Se sabe que SOS es útil como desinfectante en infecciones bacterianas cutáneas y serosas, carece de toxicidad y es eficaz contra Escherichia coli. El uso de soluciones de superóxido en cavidades como la vejiga aún no se ha investigado. Conclusiones: El transuretral infundido con SOS de pH neutro en la vejiga de ratas no tiene efectos adversos sobre el uroepitelio, lo cual fue apoyado por evidencia histopatológica.

BACKGROUND It was previously demonstrated that CMC-20, a nitazoxanide and N-methyl-1H-benzimidazole hybrid molecule, had higher in vitro activity against Giardia intestinalis WB strain than metronidazole and albendazole and similar to nitazoxanide. OBJETIVES To evaluate the in vitro activity of CMC-20 against G. intestinalis strains with different susceptibility/resistance to albendazole and nitazoxanide and evaluate its effect on the distribution of parasite cytoskeletal proteins and its in vivo giardicidal activity. METHODS CMC-20 activity was tested against two isolates from patients with chronic and acute giardiasis, an experimentally induced albendazole resistant strain and a nitazoxanide resistant clinical isolate. CMC-20 effect on the distribution of parasite cytoskeletal proteins was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence and its activity was evaluated in a murine model of giardiasis. FINDINGS CMC-20 showed broad activity against susceptible and resistant strains to albendazole and nitaxozanide. It affected the parasite microtubule reservoir and triggered the parasite encystation. In this process, alpha-7.2 giardin co-localised with CWP-1 protein. CMC-20 reduced the infection time and cyst load in feces of G. muris infected mice similar to albendazole. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of CMC-20 suggests its potential use in the treatment of giardiasis.

Abstract Background: Th1/Th2 immunity is insufficient to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, particularly against more virulent strains such as W-Beijing. Methods: Thirty patients with active tuberculosis (TBA) and 30 controls with latent tuberculosis (TBL) were included. The distribution of polymorphism rs2275913 was evaluated by real-time PCR. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were stimulated with CFP-10 and ESAT-6 antigens and extracts of H37Rv, W-Beijing-HN878. Levels of IL-17, IFN-γ were quantified by Luminex. Differences were assessed with Student t and U of Mann-Whitney and p values < 0.05 were significant. Results: No significant association of the 197G>A polymorphism with susceptibility to TBA was found. An effect of the -197G>A mutation was observed on the IL-17A expression rate. The MNCs of TBA patients with A/G genotype showed higher IL-17A (185 pg/mL) production relative to G/G patients (100 pg/mL, p = 0.008). This was not observed in individuals with TBL. The antigens of H37Rv and HN878 stimulated higher production of IFN-γ in MNCs of patients with ATB (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The presence of the A allele at the -197 position of the IL-17A promoter conditions increased production of this cytokine in response to the W-Beijing-HN878 hypervirulent strain.

Resumen Antecedentes: La respuesta inmune Th1/Th2 es insuficiente para el control de la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), particularmente contra cepas más virulentas como W-Beijing. Métodos: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes con tuberculosis activa (TBA) y 30 controles con tuberculosis latente (TBL). Se evaluó la distribución del polimorfismo rs2275913 por PCR tiempo real. Se estimularon células mononucleares (CMN) con antígenos CFP-10 y ESAT-6 y extractos de H37Rv, W-Beijing-HN878. Los niveles de IL-17, IFN-γ se cuantificaron por Luminex. Las diferencias se evaluaron con t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney y valores de p < 0.05 fueron significativos. Resultados: No se encontró asociación significativa del polimorfismo-197G>A con la susceptibilidad a TBA. Se observó un efecto de la mutación -197G>A en la tasa de expresión de IL-17A. Las CMN de pacientes TBA con genotipo A/G mostraron una mayor producción de IL-17A (185 pg/mL) en relación con las de pacientes G/G (100 pg/mL, p = 0.008). Esto no se observó en individuos con TBL. Los antígenos de H37Rv y HN878 estimularon mayor producción de IFN-γ en CMN de pacientes con TBA (p < 0.05). Conclusión: La presencia del alelo A en la posición -197 del promotor de IL-17A condiciona mayor producción de esta citocina en respuesta a la cepa hipervirulenta W-Beijing-HN878.