RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar tendências no campo de pesquisa da orbitopatia de Graves nas últimas duas décadas e analisar os ramos de maior concentração de pesquisas nessa área. Métodos: O banco de dados Web of Science foi usado para extrair artigos com “orbitopatia de Graves” ou seus sinônimos no título. Dados completos e referências foram exportados para o programa VOSviewer para serem analisados. Mapas e gráficos de visualização foram construídos a partir desses dados. Resultados: Foram obtidos 1067 artigos sobre a orbitopatia de Graves a partir do banco de dados Web of Science. Os EUA ficaram em primeiro lugar em termos de número de publicações, seguidos pela Itália e pela República Popular da China. Dentre os autores, os artigos de Wiersinga WM tiveram o maior número de citações. Quanto às instituições, os artigos da Universidade de Amsterdã tiveram o maior número de citações, mas a Universidade de Pisa publicou o maior número de artigos. Dentre os periódicos, a revista Thyroid publicou o maior número de artigos. A análise de coautoria mostrou quatro agrupamentos de colaboração entre países. O primeiro agrupamento engloba países europeus; o segundo engloba os EUA, Brasil, Canadá, Coreia do Sul e Taiwan. A República Popular da China compreende um agrupamento por si só. O quarto agrupamento inclui Japão, Austrália e Polônia. A análise das palavras-chave revelou cinco agrupamentos de tópicos de palavras-chave: patogênese, gerenciamento, associação, qualidade de vida e cirurgia. A análise das referências citadas em conjunto revelou cinco agrupamentos: patogênese, manejo, fatores de risco, avaliação clínica e manejo cirúrgico. Conclusão: A pesquisa no campo da orbitopatia de Graves cresceu nos últimos vinte anos. Os tópicos com a maior concentração de pesquisas são: patogênese, gerenciamento, fatores de risco, qualidade de vida e complicações. As tendências de pesquisa mudaram nas últimas duas décadas. Ficou evidente um aumento do interesse em explorar os mecanismos e associações da orbitopatia de Graves. Observou-se uma cooperação entre países europeus neste campo de pesquisa. Os EUA estabeleceram uma cooperação internacional mais ampla que outros países. Acreditamos que mais colaboração internacional envolvendo países em desenvolvimento seria recomendável.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study was conducted to identify trends in Graves’ orbitopathy research in the past two decades and to elaborate on hot topics in the field. Methods: The Web of Science database was used to extract articles on Graves’ orbitopathy or its synonyms. Full data and references were exported to VOSviewer software to be analyzed. Visualization maps and charts were constructed accordingly. Results: We retrieved 1067 articles on Graves’ orbitopathy from the Web of Science database. The United States ranked first in terms of the article count (25), followed by Italy (141) and the People’s Republic of China (120). Wiersinga’s and the University of Amsterdam’s articles received the highest citation count (1509 and 3052, respectively). The University of Pisa and Thyroid published the highest number of articles (65 and 93, respectively). Co-authorship analysis showed four clusters of country collaborations: red cluster, European countries; green cluster, the United States, Brazil, Canada, South Korea, and Taiwan; a yellow cluster, People’s Republic of China; and blue cluster, Japan, Australia, and Poland. Keyword analysis revealed five clusters of topics: pathogenesis, management, association, quality of life, and surgery. Analysis of co-cited references also revealed five clusters: pathogenesis, management, risk factors, clinical assessment, and surgical management. Conclusion: Research on Graves’ orbitopathy has grown during the past two decades. Hot research topics are pathogenesis, management, risk factors, quality of life, and complications. Research trends have changed in the past two decades. Increasing interest in exploring Graves’ orbitopathy mechanisms and associations is evident. European countries are cooperating in this field of research. The United States has established more extensive international cooperation than other countries. We believe that more international collaboration involving developing countries is required.

Abstract Background. To determine the knowledge and willingness of local police officers (PO) to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as well as to explore the association between CPR training and these variables. Methods. Cross-sectional study with a sample of 390 PO from Asturias (Spain). An anonymous questionnaire was used to measure nine basic aspects of CPR from the European Resuscitation Council and four indicators of attitude towards performing CPR in a real context. Information on CPR training and its periodicity was also collected, as well as basic socio-demographic and occupational variables. Results. Lack of CPR training was seen in 19.7% of PO, and 36.4% had received such training more than two years ago. Almost one out of four PO had performed at least one CPR in a real situation (24.1%), of which 9.6% had not been trained. The least remembered aspects of CPR were depth (11%) and frequency of chest compressions (24.4%). Only 49.7% of the agents felt sufficiently prepared to perform a CPR. Knowledge and disposition were significantly associated with having received training with a periodicity of less than two years. Conclusions. Given that PO are frequently first responders in situations of out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest, specific training in CPR should be mandatory and periodic, with at least one course every two years. It would be interesting to determine which didactic instrumentation is most efficient for disseminating these training courses among police officers.

Resumen Fundamento. Determinar los conocimientos de los agentes de la policía local (PL) sobre la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y su disposición para realizarla, así como explorar la asociación entre la formación en RCP y estas variables. Sujetos y método. Estudio transversal sobre una muestra de 390 agentes de la PL de Asturias (España). Se utilizó un cuestionario anónimo que midió nueve aspectos básicos sobre la RCP del Consejo Europeo de Reanimación y cuatro indicadores de la disposición para realizarla en situaciones reales. También se recogió información sobre la formación en RCP y su periodicidad, así como variables sociodemográficas y laborales básicas. Resultados. El 19,7% de los PL no había recibido formación en RCP y el 36,4% la había recibido hacía más de dos. El 24,1% habían realizado al menos una RCP en situación real, de los cuales el 9,6% no estaba formado. Los aspectos de la RCP menos recordados fueron la profundidad (11%) y la frecuencia de las compresiones (24,4%). El 49,7% de los agentes se siente con suficiente preparación para realizar una RCP. Los conocimientos y la disposición se asociaron significativamente con haber realizado cursos de formación con una periodicidad menor de dos años. Conclusiones. Dado que los agentes de PL deben intervenir con frecuencia en situaciones de parada cardiorrespiratoria como primeros intervinientes, la formación específica en RCP de los agentes de PL debería ser obligatoria y periódica, con al menos un curso cada dos años. Sería interesante determinar qué instrumentación didáctica es más eficiente para difundir estos cursos entre los policías.

Background. To measure the frequency, trends and distribution of cancers with suspected diagnosis in the Hospital Emergency Services (HES) in Asturias during 2006-12. To describe the clinical characteristics of these cancers and to determine if they differ from those whose diagnosis is made in other services. Methods. Population based descriptive study of cancers registered in the Hospital Tumour Registry of Asturias (Spain), which provided data of patient characteristics, cancer variables (site, histology, stage, metastasis and delay), the hospital and service of diagnosis. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of cancer (non-melanoma of skin excluded) in the study period were included (N=26,020). Differences of cancer cases according to the service that had performed the suspected diagnosis were analyzed. We performed regression analysis of the time between the first symptom and the suspected diagnosis, the definitive diagnosis and treatment, controlling main confounders. Results. Seven point nine percent (n=2,056) of all cancer cases were suspected in a HES (annual minimum of 5.3% and maximum 10.4%, with an upward trend). These patients were mainly men (60.6%), with a mean age of 67.7 years, and with lung (21.0%) and colon cancer (15.5%). The HES ranks 6th place in the list of services which diagnosed cancer. There was more diagnosis of advanced tumours (33.0%) and metastasis (29.5%) in the HES. The HES halved the time between the first symptom and the SD (-64.3 days; p < 0.001), and between definitive diagnosis and initiation of treatment (-15.9 days; p < 0.001) compared to the other services. Conclusions. The HES contribute significantly to suspected cancer diagnosis, mainly advanced and metastatic tumours in the respiratory and digestive system, whose symptoms escape accidental diagnosis conducted in primary care, and they start abruptly.

Fundamento. Medir la frecuencia, tendencia y distribución de los cánceres con diagnóstico de sospecha en los Servicios de Urgencia Hospitalarios (SUH) de Asturias durante 2006-12. Caracterizar clínicamente dichos cánceres y determinar si se diferencian de aquellos cuyo diagnóstico es realizado en otros servicios. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo poblacional de los cánceres del Registro Hospitalario de Tumores de Asturias (España), que recoge características del paciente, del tumor (localización, histología, estadio, metástasis y demora), el hospital y el servicio que diagnostica. Se seleccionaron los pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de cáncer (excepto piel no melanoma) en el periodo de estudio (N=26.020). Se buscaron diferencias entre los casos según el servicio que había realizado la sospecha diagnóstica. Se ejecutó un análisis de regresión del tiempo transcurrido entre el primer síntoma y el diagnóstico de sospecha, el diagnóstico definitivo y el tratamiento, controlando los principales confusores. Resultados. El 7,9% (n=2.056) de todos los cánceres se sospechó en un SUH (mínimo anual 5,3 y máximo 10,4, con tendencia creciente). Estos pacientes fueron principalmente varones (60,6%), con edad media de 67,7 años, y cáncer en pulmón (21,0%) y colon (15,5%). Los SUH ocuparon el 6º puesto en el ranking de servicios que diagnosticaron tumores. En los SUH hubo más diagnóstico de sospecha de tumores avanzados (33,0%) y más metástasis (29,5%). Los SUH redujeron a la mitad los tiempos entre el primer síntoma y DS (-64,3 días), y entre diagnóstico definitivo y el inicio del tratamiento (-15,9 días) con respecto al resto de servicios. Conclusiones. Los SUH contribuyen de forma importante al diagnóstico de sospecha del cáncer, principalmente avanzado y metastásico, en sistema respiratorio y digestivo, cuyos síntomas escapan al diagnóstico accidental realizado en atención primaria, y debutan abruptamente.

The influence of apolipoprotein E alleles and genotypes on plasma lipid levels was determined in 185 individuals of mixed ethnicity living in Ouro Preto, Brazil. DNA was obtained from blood samples and the genotypes were determined by an RFLP-PCR procedure. The *3 allele was the most frequent (72%), followed by *4 (20%) and *2 (8%); *4 frequency was higher and *2 frequency was lower in the dyslipidemic group than in the normal control group. The *2 carriers presented lower LDL and total cholesterol levels compared to the *3 and *4 carriers. All six expected genotypes were observed in the individuals genotyped: E2/2 (2.1%), E4/4 (2.7%), E2/4 (3.7%), E2/3 (8.0%), E3/3 (53.3%), E3/4 (29.9%); no difference in genotype frequencies was found between the normal and dyslipidemic groups. Compared with *2, the presence of *3 increases more than two times the risk for dyslipidemia (OR = 2.31; P = 0.025; 95% CI = 1.06-5.06) and the presence of *4 increases it three times (OR = 3.31; P = 0.006; 95% CI = 1.36-8.04). The only significant effect of genotype was an increased risk for dyslipidemia in the *4 genotype carriers (E3/4 + E4/4) compared with the *2 genotype carriers (E2/2 + E2/3) with OR = 3.69 (95% CI = 1.25-10.88). The present study indicates that in the Ouro Preto admixed population the presence of APOE *2 can confer a protective effect, whereas the presence of APOE *4 implies an enhanced risk for dyslipidemia.

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de diferentes níveis de óleo de milho sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta de 28 eqüinos com idade e peso entre seis e 10 anos e 400 e 500kg, respectivamente. A dieta, composta de feno de coast cross(Cynodon dactylon) e ração comercial, foi oferecida na proporção de 2% do peso do animal e a quantidade oferecida foi calculada a cada pesagem, sendo 50% de concentrado e 50% de feno. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições, sendo T1, T2, T3 e T4 correspondentes à adição de 0, 250, 500, 750ml de óleo no concentrado diário ou 0, 2,9, 5,7 e 8,3 % de óleo na dieta total, respectivamente, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student. A adição de óleo na dieta dos eqüinos não alterou a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutra e fibra detergente ácida e aumentou a digestibilidade da energia bruta e do extrato etéreo, indicando que é possível adicionar até 750ml de óleo de milho no concentrado diário dos eqüinos (8,3% na dieta total) por um período de até 23 dias, visando aumentar o nível energético da dieta sem o correspondente aumento no fornecimento de matéria seca.

A digestibility trial was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replicates to compare the effects of different levels of dietary corn oil (0, 250, 500, 750ml) on nutrient apparent digestibility in horses. Twenty eight animals with age between six and 10 years and weight between 400kg and 500kg were used. The diet composition was based on coast cross hay (Cynodon dactylon) and commercial concentrate. The feed dry matter was based on 2% of body weight and 1:1 forage concentrate ratio. The treatment means were compared by Student's test, at 5% level. Increasing corn oil level in the diet did not affect dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber apparent digestibility, however increased the ether extract and crude energy apparent digestibility. The results showed that 750ml of corn oil can be added to the daily concentrate of equine (8.3% in the total diet) until 23 days to increase the energetic level of the diet without a corresponding increase in the dry matter.

Consumption of tobacco is the main cause of avoidable death in the developed countries. All the sanitary professionals play a key paper in their control. It is fundamental to carry out a correct diagnosis of each smoker's characteristics for offering him their more appropriate treatment. Along this consensus document among the scientific societies that contain the most interested sanitary professionals in the treatment of tobacco, it has been defined a group of clinical and analytic data that should be considered to establish the minimum group of data diagnoses in the smoker. We also recommend an appropriate therapeutic activity to each smoker's characteristic. This minimum group of data is the indispensable base to establish the most appropriate treatment to each individual with the objective of that the patient progresses in its process of tobacco cessation and stop to smoke in the shortest period of time and with the smallest personal cost. Likewise this minimum group of data allows to rationalize the intervention of the sanitary professional according to approaches of effectiveness and efficiency.

El tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable en los países desarrollados. Todos los profesionales sanitarios jugamos un papel clave en su control. Es fundamental realizar un correcto diagnóstico de las características de cada fumador para de esa forma ofertarle su tratamiento más adecuado. A lo largo de este documento de consenso entre las sociedades científicas que agrupan a los profesionales sanitarios más interesados en el tabaquismo, hemos definido un grupo de datos clínicos y analíticos que deben ser considerados para establecer el conjunto mínimo de datos diagnósticos en el fumador. Además recomendamos una actividad terapéutica adecuada a las características diagnósticas de cada fumador. Este conjunto mínimo de datos es la base imprescindible para establecer el tratamiento más adecuado a cada individuo con el objetivo de que el paciente progrese en el proceso de abandono del tabaco y consiga la abstinencia tabáquica en el más corto periodo de tiempo posible y con el menor coste personal. Así mismo este conjunto mínimo de datos permite racionalizar la intervención del profesional sanitario conforme a criterios de eficacia y eficiencia.