ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects that breeder age has on digestive and immune system development; the transfer of immunoglobulins to egg yolk, yolk sac, and neonate chicks; and the immune response of chicks up to 35 days old. Three ages (32, 42, and 52 weeks) of Hubbard breeders were studied with ages as treatments. A total of 425 eggs were weighed for each of the three treatments and incubated. After hatching, a total of 300 1-day-old chicks were used in each treatment. We studied the development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system of progeny and IgY transfer from breeder to progeny. Chicks from 52-week-old breeders had greater gastrointestinal tract growth up to seven days of life and greater body weight at 14 days. Older breeders (52 weeks) had higher amounts of IgY in serum and egg yolk. Chicks from the youngest breeders (32-weeks-old) had a better immune response at two weeks post-vaccination. It can be concluded that the older breeders have a greater capacity to immunize progeny up to 14 days. Strategies can be developed to increase IgY in the serum of young breeders and, consequently, increase the innate immunity of the newly-hatched chicks.

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica de ovos de codornas contaminados artificialmente com Salmonella entericaser. Typhimurium, sanitizados e armazenados a diferentes temperaturas (5 e 25 ºC), durante 27 dias. Foram utilizados 768 ovos com cascas opacas e peso médio de 11g. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (contaminação x sanitização x refrigeração) com seis repetições e um ovo por parcela. Os ovos foram contaminados pelo manuseio com 1,5 x 105unidade formadoras de colônias (UFCs) e, de acordo com os tratamentos, foram sanitizados com solução com 5 ppm de Cl. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste t. A contaminação bacteriana prejudicou o peso do ovo, uH, índice de gema e de albume e pH de gema e de albume, a partir de 18 dias de armazenamento. O tempo de estocagem dos ovos e a temperatura de armazenamento influenciaram a qualidade interna dos ovos de codornas em todas as variáveis estudadas. A pior qualidade interna foi observada em ovos armazenados na temperatura de 25 ºC. A sanitização e a refrigeração reduziram o crescimento daSalmonella nos ovos contaminados. Ovos com casca opaca, quando não refrigerados, devem ser consumidos em até 18 dias após a postura.

Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of Japanese quail eggs artificially contaminated withSalmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium. The eggs were sanitized and stored at different temperatures (between 5 and 25 ºC) for 27 days. We used 768 eggs with opaque shells, typical pigments of the species, and average weight of 11 g. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (contamination x sanitation x cooling) with six replications and one egg per experimental unit. The eggs were contaminated by handling with 1.5 x 105 colony forming unit (CFU) ofSalmonella. Typhimurium / mL and sanitized according to the treatments with a 5 ppm Cl solution. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and t test. Bacterial contamination has damaged the egg weight, Haugh unit, yolk index and albumen, and pH of yolk and albumen, from 18 days of storage. The egg storage time and storage temperature affected the internal quality of quail eggs in all variables. The worst internal quality was observed in eggs stored at 25 ºC. The sanitation and cooling reduced the growth of Salmonella in contaminated eggs. Eggs in opaque shell, when not refrigerated, should be consumed within 18 days after laying.

The objective of this study to verify the physicochemical quality of commercial washed and unwashed eggs, experimentally inoculated on the shell with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stored at 5 and 25 ºC for 30 days. A total of 384 eggs, classified as large, from light Dekalb White laying hens at 30 to 40 weeks of age, were used. The experimental design consisted of two blocks in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (contamination, washing, and refrigeration) with six replicates. The sanitization was performed by mechanical washing (hot water with chlorhexidine 20% and 8% active content). Eggs were contaminated by handling with 1.5 × 10(5) colony-forming units (cfu) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa/mL solution, and stored at 5 and 25 ºC for 30 days. Each ten days, analyses of the eggs were carried out, for the assessment of physical (egg weight, specific gravity, shell thickness, yolk, albumen and shell percentage, Haugh unit, yolk and albumen rates) and chemical (albumen and yolk pH) characteristics. There were interactions between sanitization, storage temperature and contamination. The cooling process maintained the egg internal quality even when there was contamination on the shell by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculum. Cooling slows down the weight loss and promotes better internal physical and chemical quality of the eggs during the 30 days of storage regardless of the contamination and washing processes.