Abstract The study of dental development in individuals born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) serves to determine when orthodontic intervention should start. Objective To evaluate the permanent second molar development in children born with cleft lip and palate according to Demirjian’s and Nolla’s methods. Methodology Out of a total of 513 digital panoramic radiographs, 113 pairs of children aged 3 to 16 years were selected. The exams were from children born with or without cleft lip and palate, of the same sex, with an age difference of up to 30 days. The images were analyzed by three examiners and reliability was checked through intra-examiner agreement by the Kappa test. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon's and Mann-Whitney tests according to each dataset. Results The findings indicated delayed development of the permanent second molars in children with CLP (P<0.001). The development of the right permanent second molar was delayed compared to the left molar in children with CLP. Moreover, mandibular teeth showed significantly earlier development than maxillary teeth in both the case and control groups. There was no significant difference in the development of permanent second molars between sexes. Conclusion Children with CLP presented delay in the development of permanent second molars.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desenvolvimento dos caninos permanentes de crianças da Paraíba com fissura labiopalatina utilizando os métodos de Nolla e Demirjian. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado utilizando uma abordagem indutiva com procedimento estatístico comparativo e técnica de pesquisa por documentação direta. O universo consistiu de todas as crianças atendidas no serviço de ortodontia da Associação Brasileira de Odontologia - Secção Paraíba. A amostra foi composta por 72 pares de radiografias panorâmicas de crianças com e sem fissura labiopalatina, de mesmo gênero e com diferença de idade de até 30 dias, na faixa etária dos 5 aos 13 anos. Assim, foi avaliado o desenvolvimento de 576 dentes caninos. Todas as imagens foram avaliadas por três examinadores devidamente calibrados, ao mesmo tempo, e os estágios de calcificação foram determinados mediante consenso. Nas radiografias panorâmicas foram avaliados os graus de calcificação dos dentes caninos de acordo com a classificação de Nolla e Demirjian. Resultados: As médias dos estágios de calcificação foram correspondentemente mais elevadas no grupo caso do que no grupo controle, mostrando atraso de desenvolvimento dos dentes caninos nos pacientes fissurados. Os caninos inferiores apresentaram-se significativamente mais adiantados em relação aos superiores (p < 0,001). Não foram registradas diferenças significativas entre os lados. O desenvolvimento dentário ocorreu precocemente no sexo feminino, mas sem diferença significativa. Conclusão: Desta forma, o presente estudo vem colaborar para o aprimoramento dos conhecimentos acerca do desenvolvimento morfológico dos caninos permanentes nos pacientes fissurados. É consolidada a importância da individualização no planejamento ortodôntico, considerando a grande variação e importância do dente canino, tanto no aspecto funcional, como estético.

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluating the development of the permanent cuspids in children from Paraíba with cleft lip and palate applying the Nolla and the Demirjian methods. Methods: A cross-sectional study using an inductive approach and applying a comparative statistical procedure and direct documentation research technique. The universe of the study consisted of children assisted at the orthodontic practice of the Brazilian Association of Dentistry - Paraíba Section. The sample comprised 72 pairs of panoramic radiographs of children with and without cleft lip and palate from the same gender and, age difference of up to 30 days, ranging from 5 to 13 years of age. The study has evaluated the development of 576 cuspids. The images were evaluated by three duly calibrated examiners concomitantly, and the calcification stages were determined by a consensus. The stages of the cuspids calcification were evaluated in the panoramic radiographs according to Nolla and Demirjian classifications. Results: The average of the calcification stage of teeth was correspondingly higher in the control group than in the case group, showing a development delay of the cuspid teeth in the cleft lip and palate patients. The lower cuspids were significantly more developed than the upper cuspids (p <0.001). There were no significant differences between the sides. There was early tooth development in females but without significant difference. Conclusion: It was possible to note that patients with cleft lip and palate presented a delay in the development of the permanent cuspids when compared to non-cleft lip and palate patients, thus, reinforcing the importance of the individualization of the orthodontic planning.

Introdução: as más oclusões de Classe II mandibulares parecem interferir nas dimensões das vias aéreas superiores. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as vias aéreas superiores de pacientes com Classe II esquelética, verificando a associação entre essas dimensões e a posição mandibular, o comprimento mandibular e a tendência de crescimento, comparando-os com um grupo pareado de pacientes com Classe I.Métodos: foram avaliadas 80 telerradiografias de perfil de 80 pacientes com 10 a 17 anos de idade, sendo 40 com má oclusão de Classe I e 40 com Classe II mandibular, pareados por idade. Para a avaliação cefalométrica, foram utilizadas medidas de McNamara Jr, Ricketts, Downs e Jarabak. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e inferencial, por meio dosoftware SPSS 20.0, utilizando-se os testest de Student, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Para interpretação dos resultados, adotou-se um intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5%.Resultados: houve diferença entre os grupos, e as medidas da orofaringe e nasofaringe foram menores no grupo de Classe II, assim como as medidas de comprimento e posição mandibular. Houve correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a orofaringe e as medidas Xi-Pm, Co-Gn e SNB; já a nasofaringe apresentou correlação com as medidas Xi-Pm, Co-Gn, profundidade facial, SNB, eixo facial e FMA.Conclusão: indivíduos portadores de Classe II mandibular apresentaram as medidas das vias aéreas superiores diminuídas. Observou-se uma correlação entre o comprimento mandibular e a posição mandibular e as dimensões da orofaringe e da nasofaringe.

Objective: Mandibular Class II malocclusions seem to interfere in upper airways measurements. The aim of this study was to assess the upper airways measurements of patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion in order to investigate the association between these measurements and the position and length of the mandible as well as mandibular growth trend, comparing the Class II group with a Class I one.Methods:A total of 80 lateral cephalograms from 80 individuals aged between 10 and 17 years old were assessed. Forty radiographs of Class I malocclusion individuals were matched by age with forty radiographs of individuals with mandibular Class II malocclusion. McNamara Jr., Ricketts, Downs and Jarabak's measurements were used for cephalometric evaluation. Data were submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis by means of SPSS 20.0 statistical package. Student's t-test, Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient were used. A 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level were adopted to interpret the results.Results:There were differences between groups. Oropharynx and nasopharynx sizes as well as mandibular position and length were found to be reduced in Class II individuals. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the size of the oropharynx and Xi-Pm, Co-Gn and SNB measurements. In addition, the size of the nasopharynx was found to be correlated with Xi-Pm, Co-Gn, facial depth, SNB, facial axis and FMA.Conclusion: Individuals with mandibular Class II malocclusion were shown to have upper airways measurements diminished. There was a correlation between mandibular length and position and the size of oropharynx and nasopharynx.