ABSTRACT Soybean tolerance to defoliation may be affected by population density, as the plant population interferes with the crop leaf area index . This study aimed to evaluate the effect of defoliation at the beginning of pod formation on the agronomic performance of soybean at different plant densities. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Campos Novos, SC, Brazil, during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split-plot arrangement. The main plot consisted of three densities (100,000, 300,000, and 500,000 plants ha−1), whereas the subplots consisted of the cultivar NA 5909 RG submitted to five defoliation levels (0, 16.6, 33.3, 50, and 66.6%). Grain yield ranged from 4,219 to 5,356 kg ha−1 in the 2016/2017 growing season and 3,732 to 5,186 kg ha−1 in the 2017/2018 growing season. Plant density did not interfere with the grain yield response to defoliation performed at the beginning of pod formation. The 16.6% defoliation increase grain yield by 7.5 and 5.6% relative to the control in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons, respectively. The soybean tolerate defoliation of up to 33.3% at R3 with no significant decrease in grain yield, regardless of the plant density.

ABSTRACT Delay of sowing date in subtropical environments with long growing seasons can modify the yield response of corn hybrids to nitrogen (N) fertilization. This study evaluated the effects of the sowing time, and N top-dress rate on corn hybrids’ yield and N-use efficiency with different cycles. Two field experiments were carried out in subtropical environment of southern Brazil. The following factors were investigated: corn hybrids (AG9025, super early cycle and P30F53, early cycle), sowing times (early and late spring), and N top-dress rates (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1). The delay of sowing date from early to late spring reduced 10 % the number of kernels per ear, decreasing grain yield. Corn presented lower yield potential in late sowings (-24 %), associated with a smaller response of grain yield to the N rate increase. The maximum corn yield was achieved at a rate of 360 kg ha-1 of N in early spring sowing and 300 kg ha-1 in late spring. The hybrid with early cycle presented greater yield stability and higher N use efficiency than the super early cycle hybrid in the late sowing. The N agronomic efficiency use is 47 % lower in late spring sowing than in early spring sowing. Regardless of the sowing date, the N use efficiency decreased 0.08 for each kg ha-1 N rate increase. This study suggests a reduction of at least 20 % in the N top-dress rate when the sowing date of corn is delayed to late spring in southern Brazil to decrease N losses and production costs.

ABSTRACT. Water deficiency reduces leaf expansion and photosynthetic efficiency, potentially reducing the ability to withstand leaf area (LA) loss. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water restriction on soybean tolerance to defoliation in the vegetative and reproductive periods of development. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse located in Lages, Santa Catarina State Brazil, during the 2017/2018 growing season. Cultivar NA 5909 RG was subjected to three WR levels (none, moderate, and severe) and five defoliation levels (0, 17, 33, 50, and 67%). Defoliation occurred at the V6 stage in the first experiment and R3 in the second. WR occurred for 7 days after defoliation. LA at R2 and R5 after defoliation at V6 and R3 decreased by 27.5 and 64.6%, respectively, regardless of WR. LA between V6 and R2 was not influenced by WR or defoliation. Moderate or severe WR reduced plant ability to recover LA between R3 and R5. Severe WR decreased grain production by 22.2% in the vegetative period and 21.2% per plant in the reproductive period compared to that of the control, regardless of defoliation. The highest defoliation level reduced grain production per plant by 24.7 and 24.3% relative to the control at stages V6 and R3, respectively, regardless of WR. WR imposed at the vegetative and reproductive stages did not increase defoliation sensitivity.

RESUMEN La reducción del espacio entre líneas y la siembra en líneas dobles en maíz (Zea mays L.) permite una distribución más equidistante de las plantas con una misma densidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de dos prácticas de manejo sobre el contenido de nitrógeno en la hoja índice, el índice de área foliar del cultivo y el rendimiento de granos de maíz a diferentes densidades de plantas. El experimento fue realizado en Lages, en la Universidad del Estado de Santa Catarina, en el sur de Brasil, en los periodos de cosecha 2016/2017 y 2017/2018. Se utilizó un arreglo de parcelas divididas de un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar. En la parcela principal se evaluaron dos densidades (7 y 9 plantas m-2) y en las subparcelas se evaluaron cinco espacios entre líneas (0.4 m, 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.0 m y líneas dobles de 0.6 m entre cada una y 0.18 m entre líneas del par). Se evaluaron las características fisiológicas y el rendimiento de granos del maíz hibrido P30R50YH, sembrado en 20/10/2016 y 21/10/2017. Los rendimientos de grano fueron mayores en la densidad de 9 plantas m-2 que a 7 plantas m-2. El espacio entre filas no afectó el índice de contenido de nitrógeno en la hoja, el índice de área foliar del cultivo en el espigamiento, y el rendimiento de granos. El incremento en la densidad de plantas fue más eficiente que la reducción del espacio entre líneas y la siembra en líneas dobles para incrementar el rendimiento del hibrido P30R50YH.

ABSTRACT Reducing row space and sowing in twin rows of maize (Zea mays L.) allow more equidistant plant distribution at the same density. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of these two management practices on the nitrogen content of the index leaf, the leaf area index at silking, and the grain yield of maize at different plant densities. The experiment was carried out in Lages, Santa Catarina State University, in southern Brazil during the growing seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. A split-plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design was used. Two plant densities (7 and 9 plants m-2) were distributed in the main plot, and five row spaces (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 m and twin rows 0.6 m apart with 0.18 m between rows) were evaluated in split-plots. Physiological traits and grain yield were determined on the maize hybrid P30R50YH. The experiments were sown on 10/20/2016 and 10/21/2017. Kernel yields were higher at the plant density of 9 plants m-2 than at 7 plants m-2. The row space did not affect the nitrogen content of the index leaf, the crop leaf area index at silking, and the maize grain yield. The increment of plant density was more effective than the use of narrow and twin rows to enhance P30R50YH hybrid grain yield.

RESUMEN El fraccionamiento de la fertilización nitrogenada en la superficie, con la aplicación de una parte de nitrógeno en el panojamiento, puede aumentar el rendimiento de los granos de maíz, principalmente cuando el cultivo se siembra en la fecha más favorable para obtener una alta productividad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos de la fecha de siembra sobre la respuesta del maíz al fraccionamiento de la fertilización nitrogenada en la superficie y a los estados fenológicos. Se evaluaron dos fechas de siembra: preferencial (15/10/2015 y 20/09/2016) y tardía (5/12/2015 y 5/12/2016). En cada fecha de siembra fueron analizados seis tratamientos de aplicación de nitrógeno en la superficie: testigo sin N; aplicación de dosis completa de N en V5, V10 y VT; ½ aplicación de N en V5, + ½ aplicación de N en V10; y ⅓ de la aplicación de N en V5 + ⅓ de la aplicación de N en V10 + ⅓ de la aplicación de N en VT. La dosis de nitrógeno utilizada fue de 300 kg ha-1. El rendimiento de granos varió entre 8.9 a 15.3 t ha-1 en Lages y 7.4 a 16.4 t ha-1 en Atalanta. No hubo diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de granos ni en la eficiencia agronómica del uso de nitrógeno (EUN) entre los tratamientos con aplicación de la dosis completa de N en los estadios V5 y V10 y aquellos en los que el nutriente se dividió dos o tres veces, independiente de la fecha de siembra. La EUN fue mayor en la siembra realizada al en la fecha preferencial que en la fecha tardía, independientemente del manejo de la aplicación nitrogenada en la superficie. El fraccionamiento de la fertilización nitrogenada en la superficie hasta VT no incrementó el rendimiento de granos ni la EUN del maíz.

ABSTRACT The splitting of nitrogen side-dressing fertilization with the application of a nitrogen dose at maize tasseling may increase grain yield, mainly when the crop is sown at the most favorable date to achieve high productivity. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of sowing date on the response of maize to the splitting of nitrogen side-dressing fertilization at different growth stages. Two sowing dates were tested: preferential (10/15/2015 and 09/20/2016) and late (12/5/2015 and 12/5/2016). Six nitrogen side-dressing management treatments were evaluated at each sowing date: control without N; complete nitrogen rate applied at phenological stages V5, V10 and VT; ½ N rate at V5 + ½ N rate at V10; and ⅓ N rate at V5 + ⅓ N rate at V10 + ⅓ N rate at VT. The N rate was equivalent to 300 kg ha-1. Grain yield ranged from 8.9 to 15.3 t ha-1 in Lages and from 7.4 to 16.4 t ha-1 in Atalanta. There were no significant differences in grain yield and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen use (AE) among the treatments with the entire N side-dressing fertilization at V5 and V10 and those when the nutrient was split into two or three times, regardless of sowing date. AE was higher when the crop was sown at the preferential sowing date than in the late sowing date, regardless of N side-dressing application. The splitting of nitrogen fertilization up to the crop tasseling did not increase maize grain yield or AE.

ABSTRACT. An uneven distribution of maize plants at the sowing row can decrease grain yield. This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of an increasing nitrogen rate on maize agronomic performance under different variation coefficients of plant spatial distributions at the sowing row. The experiment was conducted in Lages, Santa Catarina State, South Brazil. Three variation coefficients (VC) of plant spatial distribution (0, 50, and 100%) were tested. At the 0 level, seeds were evenly distributed 17 cm from each other. In the other treatments with uneven spatial distributions, the distances between two neighbouring seeds ranged from 2 to 54 cm. Four nitrogen side-dress rates (0, 125, 250, and 375 kg N ha-1) were evaluated. The increase in VC of plant spatial distribution decreased the leaf area and the relative chlorophyll content of the index leaf at silking, regardless of the nitrogen rate. When the variation coefficient of seed placement was enhanced from 0 to 100%, such behaviour contributed to a decrease in the number of kernels per ear and the grain yield. Therefore, increasing the amount of N was not an efficient strategy for preventing yield losses caused by irregular plant spatial distribution at the sowing row.