Abstract Introduction Successful cochlear implantation requires an appropriate insertion depth of the electrode, which depends on cochlear duct length CDL). The CDL can vary due to ethnic factors. Objective The objective of the current study was to determine the CDL in an Indian adult cadaveric population. Methods The present was a cadaveric study using the temporal bones obtained after permission of the Institutional Review Board. The temporal bones were subjected to high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and the double oblique reformatted CT images were reconstructed through the basal turn of the cochlea. The reformatted images were then viewed in the minimum-intensity projection (minIP) mode, and the ‘A’ value (the diameter of the basal turn of the cochlea) was calculated. The CDL was then measured using the formula CDL = 4.16A - 4 (Alexiades et al). The data analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel software, version 2016. Results A total of 51 temporal bones were included for imaging analysis. The CDL varied from 27.6 mm to 33.4 mm, with a mean length of 30.7 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the two sides. Conclusion The CDL can be calculated with preoperative high-resolution CT, and can provide a roadmap for effective cochlear implant electrode insertion. The population-based anatomical variability needs to be taken into account to offer the most efficient and least traumatic insertion of the electrode.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone Oxime (PVPO) was synthesized and studied for mild steel (MS) corrosion inhibition in 1 M H2SO4, at different concentrations and temperatures. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was studied using weight loss method, polarization technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantum chemical calculations. The results from weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and EIS showed that the inhibition efficiency (I. E.) increased with gradual increments in the inhibitor concentration, and decreased at higher temperatures. The polarization study also revealed that PVPO acted as a mixed type inhibitor, and Langmuir adsorption isotherm fitted well for the adsorption behavior. The highest corrosion efficiency was found to be 88.39%, with a concentration of 1000 ppm, and a temperature of 303 K. The corrosion inhibition mechanism has been further proposed, including the support from the theoretical study. SEM images also verified the MS surface smoothening in PVPO presence, and, hence, it has shown to be a good corrosion inhibitor.

Abstract In the present study an attempt is made to validate soil dielectric model which was formed to estimate the values of dielectric constant of dry and moist soil at various volumetric moisture contents at C and X-Band microwave frequencies. Eight Soil samples are collected from various parts of Haryana. Dielectric constants are measured using waveguide cell technique at C and X-Band microwave frequencies at varying volumetric moisture contents and then compared with estimated values obtained from model. The model has good accuracy and practicality.

Non-obstructive azoospermia is diagnosed in approximately 10% of infertile men. It represents a failure of spermatogenesis within the testis and, from a management standpoint, is due to either a lack of appropriate stimulation by gonadotropins or an intrinsic testicular impairment. The former category of patients has hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and benefits from specific hormonal therapy. These men show a remarkable recovery of spermatogenic function with exogenously administered gonadotropins or gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This category of patients also includes some individuals whose spermatogenic potential has been suppressed by excess androgens or steroids, and they also benefit from medical management. The other, larger category of non-obstructive azoospermia consists of men with an intrinsic testicular impairment where empirical medical therapy yields little benefit. The primary role of medical management in these men is to improve the quantity and quality of sperm retrieved from their testis for in vitro fertilization. Gonadotropins and aromatase inhibitors show promise in achieving this end point.