Abstract Recycled aggregates present a varied mineralogical composition and the grading of these particulates over their particle size distribution influence the aggregate properties as well as those of the composites that they form. This study proposed a comparative investigation of the influence of the particle size distribution of fine aggregates from two different origins, namely, natural crushed stone and construction and demolition waste (CDW). Three particle size distributions were defined, so that each aggregate had its fineness modulus (FM) ranked in the granulometric ranges, following the NBR 7211 Brazilian standard. The following tests were carried out: consistency, bulk density in the fresh state, compression strength, absorption (by immersion and capillarity), dimensional and mass variation. The results showed that the aggregate mineralogical composition impacted the mortar properties and that, when analyzed along with the particle size distribution, CDW showed different and varied behavior as a function of its particle size and distribution. Another finding was that mortars produced with CDW aggregate with granulometry below the lower optimal zone (FM<2.20) presented reduced mechanical and physical performance. Therefore, it was concluded that CDW aggregates should not be included in the same standards as conventional aggregates regarding the fine aggregate granulometric composition.

Resumo Agregados reciclados possuem grande quantidade de material pulverulento em sua constituição, que em excesso causa prejuízos às propriedades de argamassas. Neste trabalho é proposto o estudo da influência do material pulverulento de agregado miúdo provindo de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) nas propriedades do próprio material e em argamassas. Para tanto, foi realizada a caracterização do agregado e foram adicionados teores de 0, 12%, 20% e 30% de material pulverulento de RCD às argamassas. Realizaram-se os ensaios de consistência, resistência à compressão, densidade de massa, absorção (capilaridade e imersão) e variação dimensional. Os resultados demonstraram que o material pulverulento de RCD não interferiu significativamente nas propriedades de consistência, absorção por imersão e índice de vazios para adições de até 12%. No entanto, a partir da fração limite da norma NBR 15116 de 20%, quanto maior foi o teor de material pulverulento utilizado, maior foi o prejuízo às propriedades das argamassas. Para o teor de 30% de material pulverulento, observou-se queda de 40% da resistência à compressão e aumento de 28% da absorção por imersão em relação ao teor de adição de 20%.

Abstract Recycled aggregates have a large amount of dusty material in their constitution, which in excess causes damages to the mortar properties. Here, the study of the influence of the dusty material contained in the fine recycled aggregate, from construction and demolition waste (CDW), on the properties of aggregate and mortars, is proposed. For that, the aggregate was characterized, and the contents of 0, 12%, 20%, and 30% of dusty material of CDW were added to the mortars. Tests were done for the determination of consistency, compressive strength, mass density, absorption (capillarity and immersion), and dimensional variation. The results showed that the CDW dusty material did not interfere significantly in the properties of consistency, immersion absorption, and void index for additions of up to 12%. However, from the limit value of 20% of the NBR 15116 standard, the higher the content of dusty material used, the greater was the damage of the mortar properties. It was observed for the content of 30% of dusty material, a 40% drop in the compressive strength, and an increase of 28% in the immersion absorption in relation to the dusty content of 20%.

This article theologically explores the controversial issue of land reform, especially in South Africa, by probing a theatrical metaphoric framework - with its depth and holism. This will be done in order to articulate the deep Christian confessional notion of sanctorum communio [communion of the saints], having the unfathomable notion of admirabile commercium [wonderful commerce or exchange] at the centre of its twofold sense (communion of the sancta and sancti) as an alternative possibility acted out on a civil play stage (or in a public dramatic amphitheatre) of land reform that might be seen to be 'performed' in South Africa today. As deepest background to all problems of land greed and land stinginess, Christ's short 'parabolic play' of the Rich Fool is brought into focus. The inquiry argues that the 'wonderful exchange' acted out in its inner and outer commerce with the sancta [Christ as the Fruit of the land and his gracious benefits of land-giving and land-flourishing] and circling out into the sancti [the commerce of the ecclesiastical, 'theatrical company' of people in freedom, equality and brotherhood] should, prompted by the Holy Spirit (also in his cosmic inhabitation), decentralise this 'comedy of commerce' further into public, civil communities or 'companies' of people-and-land, permeated by this commerce's play of freedom, equality and brotherhood.

Concern and general awareness about the impacts of climate change in all sectors of the social-ecological-economic system is growing as a result of improved climate science products and information, as well as increased media coverage of the apparent manifestations of the phenomenon in our society. However, scales of climate variability and change, in space and time, are often confused and so attribution of impacts on various sectors, including the health sector, can be misunderstood and misrepresented. In this review, we assess the mechanistic links between climate and infectious diseases in particular, and consider how this relationship varies, and may vary according to different time scales, especially for aetiologically climate-linked diseases. While climate varies in the medium (inter-annual) time frame, this variability itself may be oscillating and/or trending on cyclical and long-term (climate change) scales because of regional and global scale climate phenomena such as the El-Nino southern oscillation coupled with global-warming drivers of climate change. As several studies have shown, quantifying and modelling these linkages and associations at appropriate time and space scales is both necessary and increasingly feasible with improved climate science products and better epidemiological data. The application of this approach is considered for South Africa, and the need for a more concerted effort in this regard is supported.

The 2011 the Western Cape Forum for Intellectual Disability v Government of The Republic of South Africa case flagged a lot of issues faced by persons with disabilities relating to access to education in South Africa. The case tackled certain perceptions about the ineducability of persons with profound and severe disability and the remaining charity-oriented perception by the South African Department of Basic Education. While the court made several important points in advancing universal access to education, the author argues that certain holes in the judgment hinders the existence of judicial finding truly infused with concerns of substantive equality. An example of this short-coming is the court's consideration of reasonableness when the right to basic education is an immediately realisable right. The author also argues that the South African developments in education policy for persons with disability, while positive, is insufficient to truly give effect to substantive equality - the claim to equality being made in the new constitutional dispensation. There is still an attitude that is too permissive of separating students based on abilism. The social model of thinking about requires a complete transformation of the education system that would not require a classification of learners by abilities but have a different constitution so as to accommodate all students and not unduly enable one group over another. The author considers the approaches from Canada and India to explore its responses to education for students with varying levels of ability. Canada's similar conception of equality and India's influence on South African constitutionalism and shared experience with massive equality gaps make these jurisdictions instructive.

The article argues in favour of an all-embracing missional framework for curriculum development for theological institutions. When the curriculum of a subject such as ecclesiology has a missional hermeneutic, it will naturally lead to missional congregations. The authors use issues raised by the Network for African Congregational Theology (NetACT) institutions and the decisions of the Third Lausanne Congress in Cape Town (2010) as reference points in this article. They argue for a broad understanding of the concept 'missional' and are of the opinion that curricula that are integrative, normative, contextual and missional will lead to spiritual maturity and will result in a positive impact on church and society as a whole. The missio Dei as the work of the Trinitarian God is seen as being God's initiative. The incarnational model of Jesus Christ forms the basis for a theology and missiology where humility, vulnerability and servanthood play a pivotal role in curricula. An appeal is made for holistic missions with a strong emphasis on social engagement and the inclusion of community development. The Holy Spirit is seen as the empowering presence of the missio Dei, and the role of pneumatology in missional curriculum development is underscored. Theological institutes should become 'proclamation' institutions. Curricula should be ecumenical by nature and should include reaching the unreached and unengaged people groups. Theological education by extension is presented as an alternative way of decentralised theological education. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The article calls for theology to be done with a missional hermeneutic, both intradisciplinarily and interdisciplinarily. The article involves theology and education and calls for all disciplines dealing with community development to collaborate.

In Africa today, the drive towards controlling malaria is comparable with efforts made in the 1950s and 1960s during the World Health Organization's Global Malaria Eradication Campaign. Unlike the Eradication Campaign that 'covered' the globe but excluded Africa, the current endeavours focus on Africa, but not to the exclusion of the rest of the tropical and sub-tropical world. Major donor agencies are partnering with African governments in an attempt to curb transmission of malaria parasites, and in some countries on the edges of the distribution of malaria, there is talk of eliminating the disease. South Africa is at the very southernmost fringe of malaria distribution on the African continent and has a long history of intense malaria control activities. This article looks at what South Africa has achieved in the past and where it needs to go in the future, not only to maintain the status quo, but hopefully to eliminate transmission of the disease within its borders.

Locally specific epidemiological understanding is pivotal to the success of malaria elimination in South Africa. Here, we focus on how the host, vector, parasite and environment and their interactions have influenced malaria incidence in South Africa between 1995 and 2012. Broad environmental considerations are necessary, including the physical (temperature and humidity), social (migration patterns), economic (quality of housing stock) and political (regional collaboration).

Malaria vector control is primarily insecticide based and relies on indoor residual spraying (IRS) and the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets (LLINs). These interventions have generally proved effective where appropriately implemented. However, the increasing incidence of insecticide resistance in target vector populations can, and in several cases already has, undermined the effectiveness of IRS and LLINs. Today there are very few localities on the African continent where populations of vector mosquitoes are still susceptible to the approved classes of insecticides. If elimination is to be achieved, SA needs to invest more resources into malaria control.

Several factors have been associated with HIV infection, but alcohol consumption has not been studied completely. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and HIV infection. A case-control study was undertaken with HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, matched by sex and age (± 2 years). Latin-American Alcoholism Test (long version) was used to evaluate alcoholism diagnosis. A total of 198 cases were matched with 198 controls: 38.9% of cases were diagnosed as alcoholics, and only 22.7%> of controls (p < 0.001). The multivariate model showed that economic income (p < 0.001), sexual orientation (p < 0.001), and alcoholism diagnosis (p < 0.001) were associated with HIV infection. This study demonstrates an association between alcohol consumption, homosexual practices between men and economic income with the prevalence of HIV infection

Se conocen diversos factores asociados a la infección por VIH, siendo uno de los menos estudiados el consumo de alcohol. El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y la infección por VIH. Se realizó un estudio caso-control, pacientes con y sin infección por VIH, apareados por sexo y edad (± 2 años). Se utilizó la Prueba de Alcoholismo Latinoamericano Versión Larga para el diagnóstico de alcoholismo. Se evaluaron 198 casos y 198 controles: 38,9% de los casos fueron diagnosticados de alcoholismo y sólo 22,7% de los controles (p < 0,001). El modelo multivariado mostró que el ingreso económico (p < 0,001), la orientación sexual (p < 0,001), así como el diagnóstico de alcoholismo (p < 0,001) se asociaron a la infección. Este estudio demuestra una asociación entre el consumo de alcohol, las prácticas homosexuales entre hombres y el ingreso económico con la prevalencia de infección por VIH