A simple analytical procedure is proposed for the direct analysis of guarana-based beverages in order to determine nutrient elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A Box-Behnken design, combined with Derringer’s desirability function, was applied to the simultaneous optimization of the ICP OES radiofrequency (RF), sample volume and nitric acid concentration. Using this approach, optimal conditions were established as RF power of 1.40 kW, and 5.0 mL of sample diluted twice with 0.5 mol L-1 HNO3. The optimized procedure allowed the determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, K, Ca, S, P and Mg with limits of quantification of 10.0, 2.0, 0.6, 6.0, 66.0, 65.0, 235, 40.0 and 20.0 µg L-1, respectively. Accuracy of the method was evaluated through analysis of water standard reference material (SRM NIST 1643f) and by addition-recovery experiments, in which satisfactory recoveries were obtained. The procedure was applied for the analysis of guarana-based soft and energy drinks. The concentration ranges (mg L-1) were: 0.36-43.3 (Ca), 4.04-192 (K), 0.36-44.8 (Mg), 10.1-1,073 (S), 0.04-92.4 (P), < 0.010-0.0174 (Cu), < 0.002-0.294 (Fe), < 0.006-0.06 (Zn) and < 0.0006-0.168 (Mn).

An infection of the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa in cocoa trees reduces productivity of the plant. In this study, the concentrations of mineral nutrients in healthy leaves and in leaves of vegetative broom of the cocoa plant were determined, and the relationship between the disease and the nutritional composition of the leaves was assessed. The samples were analyzed using the wet digestion method and the concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and the Kjeldahl method. Results indicate that leaves of vegetative broom have lower concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, and Ni than healthy leaves. Concentrations of P and Cu were lower in healthy leaves and higher in leaves of vegetative broom. In contrast, concentrations of K, N, and Zn were the same for both types of leaves. In short, plant-fungal interaction was reflected in the nutritional composition of the leaves, demonstrated by the differences in nutrient concentrations between healthy and infected leaf tissue.

Plant litter has several functions in a forest ecosystem. Studies about plant litter are of great importance to better understand and conserve ecological environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration of metals (Fe, Co, Ca, Cu, Ni, Mg, Mn and Zn) in Caatinga plant litter in the southwest region of Bahia. Plant litter was collected in summer (January/2017) and winter (August/2017). Concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results were submitted to multivariate analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The average amount of plant litter found in January and August was 1190 and 1329 kg ha-1, respectively. The twigs fraction provided the largest amount of biomass to the plant litter since this deposition occurred in greater quantity in August, a period of drought. Metal concentrations (g kg-1) in the analyzed samples ranged from 1.39-257 (Fe), < limit of quantification (LOQ)-0.269 (Co), 0.0036-0.61 (Cu), 1.39-8.76 (Ca), 0.0022-0.56 (Ni), 0.137-1.52 (Mg), 0.033-1.91 (Mn) and 0.0022-0.8 (Zn). The multivariate analysis showed that the composition of plant litter is altered seasonally.

This study is the first to propose the simultaneous quantification of 10 elements in fruits of Casearia fasciculata by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A method of digestion using dilute nitric acid was optimized by mixture design for extraction of elements in the seed, peel, and pulp of Casearia fasciculata cultivated in the Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. Four different approaches were used to evaluate the digestion procedure ((i) desirability; (ii) multiple response; (iii) residual carbon content and (iv) residual acidity). The accuracy of the method of digestion was applied for the extraction of the studied elements in two certified reference materials (RM-Agro E1001a Brachiaria brizantha and NIST 1515 apple leaves). The limits of quantification of the method (µg g−1) were: Cr, 0.42; Cu, 0.69; Fe, 1.5; Mn, 0.14; Zn, 1.8; Ca, 29.0; K, 3.5; Mg, 1.9; P, 6.4; and S, 17. Two multivariate tools, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were efficient in the formation of groups, corresponding to the fruit parts. Thus, the peel and seed of Casearia fasciculata present potential to be used as mineral supplements in human nutrition.

In this work, it was developed an alternative analytical strategy for the preparation of vegetal samples extracted with diluted acids and assisted by ultrasound and microwave radiation for the determination of nutrients elements by fast sequential flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The conditions optimized using univariate and multivariate methodologies for the procedure were as follows: 200 mg of sample; extraction solution comprising a mixture of 6.3 mL HNO3, 2.1 mL HCl, and 1.7 mL CH3COOH; extractor with a final concentration of 2.5 mol L-1; a sonication time of 30 min; and a microwave radiation time of 6 s. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed by analyzing the certified reference material NIST 1515 (apple leaves) and by comparison with the results obtained through microwave-assisted total digestion method. The procedure was applied to determine Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in several cassava peel samples used in animal nutrition, and proved to be simple, reliable, fast, easy to implement, and inexpensive.