Eucalyptus globulus Labill is one of the most planted species in Chile, because of its fast growth and superior pulp qualities. Nevertheless, the incidence of drought and frost damage immediately after planting is frequent. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of drought hardening on frost resistance and on variations in morphological traits that may increase drought resistance at nursery phase in four genotypes of E. globulus Labill. Drought hardening treatments consisted in induced water stress by watering restriction, until pre-dawn stem xylem water potentials (Ψpd) reached -0.2, -1.8 and -2.6 MPa. Two water stress-rewatering cycles were applied during 54 days of hardening. Plant and root biomasses were affected by the interaction of drought hardening and genotypes. The rest of morphological and alometrical traits were affected independently by drought or genotype. Plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), stem, and leaf biomasses decreased with drought hardening, while collar diameter was not affected. Genotypes responded differentially to drought hardening in plant height, leaf area, SLA, and stem, and leaf biomasses. Ice nucleation temperature (INT), and freezing temperatures (FRT), and 50% freezing damage index of leaves (LT50) were affected by the interaction between drought hardening and genotypes. EG-13, EG-23 and EG-22 genotypes became freezing tolerant with drought hardening (-2.6 MPa). Additionally, EG-14 genotype increased its freezing resistance at -1.8 MPa. Therefore, freezing resistance levels and mechanism depend on genotype and drought hardening treatment. The success in tree breeding by genetic selection should be facilitated by improved understanding of the physiology of stress resistance development and survival during water supply limitations. The knowledge of morphological and freezing resistance dependency on the interaction between genotype and drought hardening may be useful nursery management information to improve plantation success.

Em duas zonas de latitudes similares e com diferentes altitudes, tais como Portoviejo (Região Costa) e Riobamba (Região Andina) no Equador, procurou-se ajustar os modelos de Holdridge (Ho) e Hargreaves-Samani (H-S) e com três modificações (modelos com constantes C HO e KE e KT Diário, Mensal e Anual, respectivamente) com o propósito de estimar a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), em diferentes níveis das médias móveis do tempo, para o período de três dias. Uma vez ajustados os coeficientes C HO, KE e KT, estimou-se a ETo e foram validados os resultados mediante comparação com as mensurações da ETo, utilizando-se da evaporação do tanque Classe A com seu respectivo coeficiente (ETo Pan). Nos coeficientes C HO (Ho) e KE (H-S), o melhor desempenho foi obtido pela correlação do C HO e KS com o déficit da pressão de vapor (DPV), uma vez que o mesmo corrige o gradiente térmico vertical e incrementa a qualidade da predição da ETo, enquanto correlaciona o coeficiente KT (H-S) com a temperatura do ar, permitindo corrigir a radiação solar. Na comparação das três modificações de ambos os modelos com o ETo Pan, os modelos C HO Diário e H-S Mensal conseguiu-se as melhores estimativas da ETo com os indicadores de ajustes levemente melhores em Portoviejo e Riobamba. Finalmente, a qualidade das estimativas da ETo com três modificações de ambos os modelos é melhor em comparação com aquelas do modelo da Penman-Monteith para ambas as localidades.

In two locations of Ecuador with similar latitude but different altitude (Portoviejo, Coastal zone and Riobamba, Andean zone) the Holdrigde (Ho) and Hargreaves-Samani (H-S) models and three modifications of these (daily, monthly and annual with constants C HO and KE and KT, respectively) were fitted in order to estimate crop reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for a range of moving averages in time, for a three day period. Once C HO, KE and KT were calibrated those ETo estimates were compared with ETo estimated by the Pan Evaporation Method (ETo Pan). Among C HO (Ho) and KE (H-S) coefficients, the best performance was achieved relating C HO and KE to vapor pressure deficit, since it corrected the vertical thermal gradient and increased the precision in ETo prediction, while relating the KT (H-S) coefficient to air temperature allowed the correction of the solar radiation. When comparing the three modifications of both models with ETo Pan, the daily C HO model and the monthly H-S model generated slightly better ETo estimates in Portoviejo and Riobamba, respectively. Finally, in terms of quality of ETo estimates, any of the three modifications of both models were better than those with Penman-Monteith in both locations.

Morpho-physiological attributes exhibited in response to drought hardening at the end of the growing season of Eucalyptus globulus Labill under nursery conditions were studied to evaluate the effect of three drought hardening treatments in morpho-physiological traits used as suitable indicators of drought hardiness, such as, plant growth, root growth potential, plant water relationships and survival. Freezing resistance of drought hardened plants was also studied in order to evaluate cross hardening effects in cuttings of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Drought hardening consisted in induced water stress by watering restriction, until plant stem xylem water potentials (Ψpd) reached to-0.2, -1.3 and -2.4 MPa. Two water stress-rewatering cycles were applied during 54 days of treatment. The hardening treatments caused a significant reduction in plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, plant, leaf, stem and root biomass. However, stem diameter was not affected. Root growth potential increased with the exposure to moderate water stress (-1.3 MPa). Drought hardening treatments have not effect on water relationship parameters such as saturation osmotic potential (Ψπsat), volumetric module of elasticity (e), relative water content (RWCtlp) and osmotic potential (Ψπtlp) at the turgor loss point. Only 1.7% and 6% of dehydrated dead plants were observed on treatments at -1.3 and -2.4 MPa respectively. Finally, the freezing damage index of leaves (LT50) was not significantly affected by drought hardening treatments. Furthermore, a reduction of 1.1ºC of supercooling capacity was observed at -2.4 MPa. As a conclusion, drought hardening is an important step of plants production programs during the final phase of nursery, because changes in morphological attributes caused by exposure to moderate drought, enable the plants to maintain the balance between transpiration and absorption areas and increase the capacity of plants to generate new roots.