Abstract Introduction In sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined carotid bony landmarks, accidental injury of the internal carotid artery (ICA) remains one of the most challenging complications, which is particularly reported in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches (EETAs). Objectives To describe an anatomical model for the endoscopic orientation of the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA in relation to the lateral opticocarotid recess (OCR) as a nearby bony landmark. Methods Dissection was performed progressively, simulating the EETA, in twenty fresh adult cadavers. After reducing the posterior and lateral walls of the sphenoid sinuses, various measurements were taken from both lateral OCRs to “contact points” on the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA and lateral margins of the pituitary gland. Results The current results have enabled us to divide the region between the lateral OCRs into 3 compartments: 2 lateral parasellar compartments contain juxta-pituitary segments of the ICA with a mean width of 8 mm and a narrow range from 7 mm to 10 mm; and a central intercarotid sellar compartment represents the safe region for bone drilling, showing widely variable widths ranging from 9 mm to 20 mm. In all specimens, the variation in the width of the intercarotid compartment correlated with the distance between both lateral OCRs. Conclusion The present study improves surgeon awareness of the variations in the course of the ICA through the EETA along sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined bony landmarks. An appreciation of the measurements taken in the present study can help in operative training, and can also provide a base for future studies to confirm ICA courses associated with a higher risk of injury. illdefined ill defined landmarks (ICA complications EETAs. EETAs . (EETAs) juxtapituitary juxta OCR (OCR landmark progressively cadavers contact points gland 1 drilling specimens training (EETAs

ABSTRACT Supplementation of Cv (clove) and Ts (tulsi) augments the growth rate and gut health of broilers. However, studies on their impact on the vital organs and male reproductive system remain scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of Cv and Ts supplementation on hematological profiles, as well as the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and testes of broilers, both morphologically and biometrically. Sixty one-day-old broiler chicks, divided into four homogenous groups (control-T0 and three supplement groups-T1, T2, and T3), were fed 0.5% Cv and 2% Ts (T1), 1% Cv and 3% Ts (T2), and 1.5% Cv and 4% Ts (T3) with drinking water for 21 d. Organ samples were collected on d 14 and d 28 for macroscopic and microscopic (hematoxylin and eosin stain) investigation. Cv and Ts didn’t affect the hematological profile, organ weight gain, and their general histoarchitectures. However, the histomorphometric investigation showed an increased (p<0.05) parabronchus surface area of the lungs, size of the renal glomeruli, the diameter of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney in the T1 and T2 groups, and size of the seminiferous tubules of the testes in group T1. These findings suggest that unlike antibiotic or steroid growth promoters (GPs), Cv and Ts have beneficial impacts on the vital organs as well as on the male gonad of broilers from the morphologic and biometric perspectives. clove (clove tulsi (tulsi However scarce Therefore profiles heart lungs liver biometrically onedayold one day old chicks controlT0 controlT control T0 T (control-T groupsT1, groupsT1 groupsT T1, groups-T1 T3, T3 , T3) 05 0 5 0.5 2 (T1) 1 3 (T2) 15 1.5 4 (T3 hematoxylin stain didnt didn t profile gain histoarchitectures p<0.05 p005 p (p<0.05 glomeruli GPs, GPs (GPs) perspectives groups-T 0. (T1 (T2 1. (T p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 (GPs p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

Abstract Introduction Bilateral simultaneous endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endo-DCR) has received little attention in the literature, thus many surgeons continue to address bilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction at two stages, rather than in the same setting. Objective To evaluate the feasibility and the outcome of simultaneous bilateral Endo- DCR and its impact on the quality of life of the patients. Methods We have conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent bilateral simultaneous endo-DCR between March 2013 and February 2017 at our tertiary care institution. The reviewed data included clinical presentation; operative details; success rate; pre and postoperative evaluation of the symptoms of the patients, using the Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Symptom Score Questionnaire; satisfaction of the patients, and improvement in the quality of life, assessed by the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) questionnaire. Results Out of 128 cases in which endo-DCRs were performed, 13 were bilateral (26 sides). Postoperative success was documented in 24 of the 26 sides (92.3%), with a mean follow-up duration of 16.2 months. The two failed sides were reported in the same case. The preoperative symptom score ranged between 12 and 80 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 38.23 ± 15.7). The postoperative symptom score was significantly lower (mean ± SD: 5.4 ± 12.9). The success rates in unilateral and bilateral cases were comparable, with no statistically significant difference. A notable improvement in the quality of life of the patients was also reported, with a mean GBI score of 81.38 ± 12.37. Conclusion Our results support that a simultaneous bilateral endo-DCR is a safe procedure that offers a high success rate, spares the patient from the stress of a second surgery, provides the patient with a bilateral resolution of the symptoms, and confers an immediate improvement in the quality of life of the patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a cash-for-work programme during the annual food insecurity period in Bangladesh improved nutritional status in poor rural women and children. METHODS: The panel study involved a random sample of 895 households from over 50 000 enrolled in a cash-for-work programme between September and December 2007 and 921 similar control households. The height, weight and mid-upper arm circumference of one woman and child aged less than 5 years from each household were measured at baseline and at the end of the study (mean time: 10 weeks). Women reported 7-day household food expenditure and consumption on both occasions. Changes in parameters were compared between the two groups. FINDINGS: At baseline, no significant difference existed between the groups. By the study end, the difference in mean mid-upper arm circumference between women in the intervention and control groups had widened by 2.29 mm and the difference in mean weight, by 0.88 kg. Among children, the difference in means between the two groups had also widened in favour of the intervention group for: height (0.08 cm; P < 0.05), weight (0.22 kg; P < 0.001), mid-upper arm circumference (1.41 mm; P < 0.001) and z-scores for height-for-age (0.02; P < 0.001), weight-for-age (0.17; P < 0.001), weight-for-height (0.23; P < 0.001) and mid-upper arm circumference (0.12; P < 0.001). Intervention households spent more on food and consumed more protein-rich food at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: The cash-for-work programme led to greater household food expenditure and consumption and women's and children's nutritional status improved.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si el programa Dinero por Trabajo mejoró el estado nutricional de las mujeres y los niños más desfavorecidos de las zonas rurales de Bangladesh durante un periodo de un año de inseguridad alimentaria. MÉTODOS: El estudio de cohortes comprendió una muestra aleatoria de 895 hogares, de entre los más de 50 000 inscritos en el programa Dinero por Trabajo, entre septiembre y diciembre de 2007, y 921 hogares de características similares como grupo de control. En cada hogar se midieron la altura, el peso y la circunferencia braquial de una mujer y de un niño menor de 5 años al inicio y al final del estudio (duración media: 10 semanas). En ambas ocasiones, las mujeres informaron sobre los gastos y el consumo alimentarios semanales de sus hogares. Se compararon los cambios paramétricos existentes en los dos grupos. RESULTADOS: Al inicio del estudio no se observó ninguna diferencia significativa entre los grupos. Al final del estudio, la diferencia en la circunferencia media braquial entre las mujeres del grupo de intervención y el de control había aumentado 2,29 mm y la diferencia en el peso medio era de 0,88 kg. Entre los niños, la diferencia de las medias entre los dos grupos también había aumentado a favor del grupo de intervención: altura (0,08 cm, p < 0,05), peso (0,22 kg, p < 0,001), circunferencia braquial (1,41 mm, p < 0,001) y las puntuaciones z de la altura/edad (0,02; p < 0,001), peso/edad (0,17, p < 0,001), peso/altura (0,23, p < 0,001) y circunferencia braquial (0,12, p < 0,001). Al final del estudio, los hogares del grupo de intervención gastaban más en alimentos y consumían más alimentos ricos en proteínas. CONCLUSIÓN: El programa Dinero por Trabajo tuvo como resultado un mayor gasto en y consumo de alimentos en los hogares y una mejora del estado nutricional de mujeres y niños.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer si un programme de rémunération en espèces du travail lors de la période d'insécurité alimentaire annuelle au Bangladesh a amélioré l'état nutritionnel des femmes et des enfants pauvres vivant dans les zones rurales. MÉTHODES: Le panel d'étude a concerné un échantillon aléatoire de 895 ménages sur plus de 50 000 ménages engagés dans un programme de rémunération en espèces du travail entre septembre et décembre 2007, mais aussi 921 ménages de contrôle semblables. La taille, le poids et la circonférence du bras à mi-hauteur de la femme et d'un enfant de moins de 5 ans de chaque ménage ont été mesurés au début et à la fin de l'enquête (durée moyenne: 10 semaines). Dans les deux groupes, les femmes ont indiqué des dépenses et une consommation alimentaire pour 7 jours pour le ménage. Les modifications des paramètres ont été comparées entre les deux groupes. RÉSULTATS: Au départ, les deux groupes ne présentaient aucune différence significative. À la fin de l'étude, la différence dans la circonférence du bras à mi-hauteur entre les femmes du groupe d'intervention et le groupe de contrôle avait augmenté de 2,29 mm et la différence dans le poids moyen de 0,88 kg. Chez les enfants, la différence dans les moyennes entre les deux groupes avaient également augmenté en faveur du groupe d'intervention comme suit: taille (0,08 cm; P < 0,05), poids (0,22 kg; P < 0,001), circonférence du bras à mi-hauteur (1,41 mm; P < 0,001) et scores z pour rapport taille-âge (0,02; P < 0,001), rapport poids-âge (0,17; P < 0,001), rapport poids-taille (0,23; P < 0,001) et circonférence du bras à mi-hauteur (0,12; P < 0,001). Les ménages du groupe d'intervention avaient dépensé plus d'argent pour acheter de la nourriture et avaient consommé davantage d'aliments riches en protéines à la fin de l'enquête. CONCLUSION: Le programme de rémunération en espèces du travail a entraîné une augmentation des dépenses et de la consommation alimentaires des ménages. De plus, l'état nutritionnel des femmes et des enfants s'est amélioré.