ABSTRACT Competition for soil water is one of the major processes that drive the assembly of plant communities, particularly in regions subjected to long dry seasons. The relationship between plant density and soil water competition has strong, but poorly understood, practical implications for population dynamics, restoration and conservation. We planted seedlings of the pioneer legume tree Senegalia polyphylla in containers and assessed the effects of plant density on their resistance to water stress. We completely eliminated the above-ground parts (stem and shoots) of randomly selected plants at 60-days post-planting in order to create three different densities of seedlings. We saturated the soil of the remaining seedlings and then deprived them of additional water until all seedlings died. We assessed the time elapsed from water suppression to wilting and death of individual plants. We found a strong negative relationship between plant density and time to wilting or death. Seedlings survived water stress 80% longer when density was reduced by two-thirds. Planting in lower densities or reducing density by thinning should be considered as strategies to enhance resistance to water stress in drought-prone regions.

RESUMO Embora exista uma crença generalizada de que plantar florestas aumenta a água dos rios e a quantidade de chuva, a ciência tem demonstrado que, na escala de microbacia hidrográfica: 1) a proporção da chuva anual que se torna recurso hídrico renovável é inversamente proporcional à biomassa arbórea e 2) mais floresta não significa mais chuva na mesma bacia. Ecossistemas naturais abertos como campos e savanas são, portanto, mais eficientes que florestas como geradores de recurso hídrico renovável e plantar árvores não aumenta a produção de água, embora melhore sua qualidade e contribua para regulação da vazão ao longo do ano. Uma vez preservados os ecossistemas naturais, adotar práticas de cultivo e conservação do solo que aumentem a infiltração da chuva em toda a bacia, trará contribuição maior do que o plantio de florestas para assegurar a vazão dos rios mesmo nos meses de estiagem, proporcionando os serviços ecossistêmicos dependentes dessa água.

ABSTRACT Although there is a widespread belief that planting forests increases water yield and rainfall, science has demonstrated that, at the scale of a watershed, the proportion of annual rainfall that flows through the river or recharges groundwater reserves is inversely proportional to the tree biomass and that increasing forests does not increases rain in the same watershed. It follows, therefore, that open ecosystems such as grasslands and savannas are more efficient than forests in water yield and also that restoration through planting trees cannot increase the amount of water produced by a watershed, in spite of improving water quality and regulation of hydrological flows. Besides preserving natural ecosystems, adopting soil conservation and suitable cultivation practices that increase the infiltration of rain throughout the catchment area can have greater contribution than planting forests if the goal is to feed the river flow even in dry months, ensuring the ecosystem services depending on that water.