Resumo Objetivo Apresentar o processo de adaptação transcultural do Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) para o contexto brasileiro. Métodos A adaptação transcultural envolveu as etapas de tradução independente, versão síntese e retrotradução. A validade de conteúdo foi realizada por um comitê multidisciplinar de especialistas, com avaliação quantitativa dos índices de concordância. Por fim, o pré-teste foi conduzido com a população-alvo. Resultados Todos os estágios da adaptação transcultural foram seguidos, e na maioria das estruturas avaliadas, os valores de concordância foram satisfatórios (≥ 4.75). Grande parte das sugestões de modificações feitas pelos especialistas foram acatadas, sendo as principais relacionadas a ajustes no tempo e concordância verbal e a inclusão de letras e palavras para permitir a flexão de gênero. No pré-teste nenhuma sugestão foi apresentada e o instrumento foi considerado compreensível. Conclusão A versão brasileira do PID-5 mostrou-se adequada ao contexto brasileiro sob as perspectivas semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual. A versão brasileira avaliada é de uso livre, foi aprovada pelas editoras responsáveis pelos direitos autorais do instrumento e é considerada oficial. Novos estudos estão sendo conduzidos para aprimorar a busca por evidencias de validade e confiabilidade.

Abstract Objective To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) to the Brazilian context. Methods Cross-cultural adaptation involved the steps of independent translation of the instrument, synthesis version, and back-translation. Analysis of content validity was conducted by a multidisciplinary expert committee and consisted of quantitative assessment of agreement indicators. The test was then applied to a target population. Results All the steps required for a cross-cultural adaptation were followed and satisfactory agreement values (≥ 4.75) were reached for most of the structures assessed. Most of the changes suggested by the experts were followed; these changes consisted primarily of adjustments to verb tense and agreement and the inclusion of letters and words to allow gender inflection. In the pre-test, no suggestions were made and the instrument was considered comprehensible. Conclusion The Brazilian version of the PID-5 was found to be adequate to the Brazilian context from semantic, idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual perspectives. The Brazilian version assessed here can be freely used, was approved by the publishers who hold the copyright on the instrument, and is considered the official version of the instrument. New studies are underway to determine the validity and reliability of the PID-5.

Abstract Objectives: To compare the molar bite force, electromyographic activity, chewing efficiency and thickness of the masseter and temporalis muscles in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy individuals. Material and Methods: Thirty individuals enrolled in the study were divided into the study group (with ALS, n=15) and control group (healthy individuals, n=15). Data regarding molar bite force (right and left), electromyographic activity (mandibular rest, right and left laterality, protrusion, and maximum voluntary contraction), chewing efficiency (habitual and non-habitual), and masticatory muscle thickness (rest and maximum voluntary contraction) were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis (Student’s t-test, p≤0.05). Results: Comparisons between the groups demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the electromyographic activity of the right masseter (p=0.03) and left masseter (p=0.03) muscles during mandibular rest; left masseter (p=0.00), right temporalis (p=0.00), and left temporalis (p=0.03) muscles during protrusion; and right masseter (p=0.00), left masseter (p=0.00), and left temporalis (p=0.00) muscles during left laterality, in individuals with ALS as compared with healthy individuals. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the habitual chewing efficiency of the right masseter (p=0.00) and right temporalis (p=0.04) muscles in individuals with ALS. No statistically significant difference between the groups was found the masticatory muscle thickness and maximal molar bite force. Conclusions: ALS may lead to modifications in the activities of the stomatognathic system, including muscular hyperactivity and reduction in chewing efficiency; however, no change has been observed in the masticatory muscle thickness and molar bite force.

Abstract Background Ayahuasca is a psychoactive ethnobotanical concoction that has been used for decades by indigenous groups of the Northwestern Amazon and by syncretic religious organizations for ritual and therapeutic purposes. In the last two decades, it is being used worldwide in evolving practices. Ayahuasca seem to therapeutic effects, but controlled studies are lacking. Moreover, its safety and toxicity are not completely understood. Objectives To present an overview of the effects of ayahuasca based on the most recent human studies. Methods Narrative review. Results Ayahuasca administration in controlled settings appears to be safe from a subjective and physiological perspective, with few adverse reactions being reported. More frequent adverse reactions occur in non-controlled settings. Prolonged psychotic reactions are rare and seem to occur especially in susceptible individuals. Ayahuasca showed antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects in animal models, observational studies, and in open-label and controlled studies. Discussion Ayahuasca administration in controlled settings appear to be safe. Moreover, ayahuasca seem to have therapeutic effects for treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders that should be further investigated in randomized controlled clinical trials. However, medical complications and cases of prolonged psychotic reactions have been reported, and people with personal or family history of psychotic disorders should avoid ayahuasca intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da administração de canabidiol em um modelo de isquemia/reperfusão renal em animais. Métodos: Foi induzida uma lesão renal, por meio de 45 minutos de isquemia renal seguida por reperfusão. Administrou-se canabidiol (5mg/kg) imediatamente após a reperfusão. Resultados: A isquemia/reperfusão aumentou os níveis de interleucina 1 e fator de necrose tumoral, o que foi atenuado pelo tratamento com canabidiol. Além disso, o canabidiol foi capaz de diminuir o dano oxidativo de lipídios e proteínas, mas não os níveis de nitrito/nitrato. A lesão renal após isquemia/reperfusão pareceu ser independente da expressão dos receptores canabidiol-1 e canabidiol-2, já que não houve aumento significante desses receptores após a reperfusão. Conclusão: O tratamento com canabidiol teve um efeito protetor contra a inflamação e o dano oxidativo em um modelo de isquemia/reperfusão renal. Esses efeitos parecem não ocorrer via ativação dos receptores canabidiol-1/canabidiol-2.

ABSTRACT Objective: This work aimed to investigate the effects of the administration of cannabidiol in a kidney ischemia/reperfusion animal model. Methods: Kidney injury was induced by 45 minutes of renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Cannabidiol (5mg/kg) was administered immediately after reperfusion. Results: Ischemia/reperfusion increased the IL-1 and TNF levels, and these levels were attenuated by cannabidiol treatment. Additionally, cannabidiol was able to decrease lipid and protein oxidative damage, but not the nitrite/nitrate levels. Kidney injury after ischemia/reperfusion seemed to be independent of the cannabidiol receptor 1 and cannabidiol receptor 2 (CB1 and CB2) expression levels, as there was no significant increase in these receptors after reperfusion. Conclusion: The cannabidiol treatment had a protective effect against inflammation and oxidative damage in the kidney ischemia/reperfusion model. These effects seemed to be independent of CB1/CB2 receptor activation.

Background Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a complex condition wich is associated with emotional factors, specially depression and anxiety. Objectives To make a systematic review to provide a detailed summary of relevant literature on the association between CPP and different psychiatric disorders/symptoms. Methods A systematic review of articles in the international literature published between 2003 and 2014 was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, LILACS, and SciELO using the terms (chronic pelvic pain) AND (psychiatry OR psychiatric OR depression OR anxiety OR posttraumatic stress OR somatoform). The searches returned a total of 529 matches that were filtered according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 18 articles were selected. Results The investigations focused mainly on the assessment of depression and anxiety disorders/symptoms, with rather high rates (17-38.6%). Depression and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent among women with CPP compared to healthy groups. Comparisons between groups with CPP and with specific pathologies that also have pain as a symptom showed that depression indicators are more frequent in CPP. Depressive symptoms tend to be more common in CPP and have no particular association with pain itself, the core feature of CPP. Discussion Other aspects of CPP seem to play a specific role in this association. Anxiety and other psychiatric disorders require further investigation so that their impact on CPP can be better understood.

Objectifs: Examiner les progrès et les limites des modèles animaux pour l'étude des troubles psychiatriques. Méthode: Révision narrative d'articles. Résultats: De différents modèles animaux possèdent actuellement une validité suffisante par rapport aux caractéristiques spécifiques de certains troubles mentaux. Conclusion: Malgré le fait des limites qui ne permettent pas de reproduire les symptômes psychopathologiques complexes dans les modèles animaux, ceux-ci restent néanmoins des outils utiles d'étude en psychiatrie.

Objectives: To discuss the advances and limitations of animal models in psychiatric disorders. Method: A narrative review of articles. Results: Different animal models currently demonstrate adequate validity for specific characteristics of certain mental disorders. Conclusion: Recognizing limitations that stay away from any mimicking of complex psychopathological symptoms in animal models, such models nonetheless represent useful tools in the study of psychiatry.

Ziele: die Fortschritte und Grenzen von Tiermodellen bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen zu diskutieren. Methode: Eine narrative Übersichtsartikel. Ergebnisse: Verschiedene Tiermodelle zeigen, derzeit ausreichende Gültigkeit für Besonderheiten bestimmter psychischer Störungen. Fazit: Geschützte die geltenden Einschränkungen, die Mimik komplexe psychopathologische Symptome im Tiermodell die folgenden als nützliche Werkzeuge in der Studie der Psychiatrie nicht aus.

Objetivos: Discutir os avanços e limitações do uso dos modelos animais nos transtornos psiquiátricos. Método: Uma revisão narrativa de artigos. Resultados: Diferentes modelos animais atualmente demonstram validade adequada para características específicas de determinados transtornos mentais. Conclusão: Resguardadas as devidas limitações que impossibilitam mimetizar sintomas psicopatológicos complexos em modelos animais, estes seguem como úteis ferramentas de estudo na psiquiatria.

Objetivos: Discutir los avances y las limitaciones de los modelos animales en los trastornos psiquiátricos. Método: Una revisión narrativa de artículos. Resultados: Los diferentes modelos animales actualmente demuestran validez adecuada para las características específicas de determinados trastornos mentales. Conclusión: Guardadas las debidas limitaciones que imposibilitan mimetizar los síntomas psicopatológicos complejos en modelos animales, estes siguen siendo herramientas útiles en el estudio de la psiquiatría.

Objectives: a) To perform a systematic and meta-analytic review to verify whether the Simulated Public Speaking Task (SPST) leads to a greater increase in self-rated anxiety than in physiological correlates of anxiety; and b) to compare the results obtained with the SPST with an actual public speaking task involving healthy volunteers. Methods: a) The PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched for studies involving the SPST prior to 2012. Eleven publications were eligible and provided data from 143 healthy volunteers for meta-analysis; b) 48 university students without somatic or psychiatric disorders were divided into three experimental groups of 16 subjects to undergo one of the following: SPST, real-world public speaking task (real-world), and control situation (control). Results: The meta-analysis showed that the SPST induced a significant increase in the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) anxiety factor, but no significant increases in systolic blood pressure or heart rate. The empirical study showed that the real-world public speaking task increased heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure significantly more than the control and SPST conditions. Conclusions: These results suggest that real public speaking might be better than SPST in inducing experimental anxiety.

OBJETIVO: Existem cada vez mais evidências de que o sistema límbico está envolvido na patologia das comorbidades psiquiátricas em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT). Nosso objetivo foi elaborar um desenho conceitual descrevendo como aspectos neuropatológicos e de conectividade podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de psicose em pacientes com ELT. MÉTODOS: Nesta revisão, achados clínicos e neuropatológicos, e especialmente os aspectos da circuitaria límbica, foram examinados em conjunto para auxiliar nossa compreensão sobre a associação entre ELT e psicose. Achados em modelos animais de epilepsia e esquizofrenia também foram levados em consideração. CONCLUSÕES: ELT e comorbidades psiquiátricas coexistem com maior frequência que o predito pela associação ao acaso. Dano e desregulação entre estruturas anatômicas críticas, como hipocampo, amígdala, tálamo, e córtices temporal, frontal e cingulado podem predispor o cérebro com ELT à psicose. Estudos sobre efeitos comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos do abrasamento elétrico e injeções de substâncias neuroativas em modelos animais podem oferecer pistas sobre como crises límbicas em humanos aumentam a vulnerabilidade de pacientes com ELT a sintomas psiquiátricos.

OBJECTIVE: Mounting evidence suggests that the limbic system is pathologically involved in cases of psychiatric comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Our objective was to develop a conceptual framework describing how neuropathological and connectivity changes might contribute to the development of psychosis and to the potential neurobiological mechanisms that cause schizophrenia-like psychosis in TLE patients. METHODS: In this review, clinical and neuropathological findings, especially brain circuitry of the limbic system, were examined together to enhance our understanding of the association between TLE and psychosis. Finally, the importance of animal models in epilepsy and psychiatric disorders was discussed. CONCLUSIONS: TLE and psychiatric symptoms coexist more frequently than chance would predict. Damage and deregulation among critical anatomical regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and the temporal, frontal and cingulate cortices, might predispose TLE brains to psychosis. Studies of the effects of kindling and injection of neuroactive substances on behavior and electrophysiological patterns may offer a model of how limbic seizures in humans increase the vulnerability of TLE patients to psychiatric symptoms.

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos da pregabalina sobre as alterações comportamentais em ratos induzidas pela cetamina, um antagonista do receptor glutamatérgico NMDA, utilizado em modelos animais de psicose. MÉTODOS:Ratos receberam injeção com solução salina ou cetamina, na dose de 25 mg/kg, com posterior avaliação das alterações comportamentais induzidas, através da avaliação da estereotipia e hiperlocomoção, depois destes ratos terem sido tratados com pregabalina (30 mg/kg ou 100 mg/kg) ou placebo. RESULTADOS:A administração de pregabalina reduziu a hiperlocomoção nos ratos sob o efeito da cetamina. No entanto, nenhuma das doses de pregabalina teve efeito significativo sobre a estereotipia induzida pela cetamina. CONCLUSÃO: Este é o primeiro estudo que investiga os efeitos da pregabalina em um modelo animal de psicose. Nossos resultados indicam que alterações comportamentais induzidas pela cetamina em ratos podem ser revertidas após uso da pregabalina, o que sugere um possível potencial desta no tratamento de sintomas psicóticos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pregabalin on the behavior of rats under the influence of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist that mimics the symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS: Rats were injected with saline or 25 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. After that, behavior modifications were investigated by the evaluation of stereotypy and hyperlocomotion, after treating rats with pregabalin (at doses of 30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) or placebo (saline solution). RESULTS: The administration of pregabalin reduced ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion. However, neither doses of pregabalin had a significant effect on ketamineinduced stereotypy. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the effects of pregabalin using an animal model of psychosis. Furthermore, our results indicate that behavioral changes induced by ketamine in rats can be reversed with the use of pregabalin, suggesting its potential to treat psychotic symptoms.

OBJETIVO: Há evidências crescentes do envolvimento do sistema límbico nas comorbidades psiquiátricas associadas à epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT). Nosso objetivo foi descrever o panorama atual das alterações neuropatológicas, neuroquímicas e eletrofisiológicas que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de sintomas psiquiátricos na ELT e explorar possíveis mecanismos neurobiológicos que podem levar ao aparecimento das desordens de humor nesse subgrupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Achados clínicos, de modelos experimentais e neuropatológicos foram revistos, assim como características neuroquímicas do sistema límbico foram examinadas em conjunto para auxiliar nossa compreensão sobre a associação entre ELT e transtornos de humor. CONCLUSÕES: A ELT e os sintomas psiquiátricos coexistem numa frequência muito maior do que o acaso poderia sugerir. Alterações e desregulação de redes anatômicas essenciais, além de mudanças plásticas aberrantes ou deficientes, podem predispor o cérebro de pacientes com ELT a transtornos de humor. Estudos experimentais e clínicos sobre o efeito das crises no comportamento e nos padrões eletrofisiológicos podem oferecer um modelo de como as crises límbicas aumentam a vulnerabilidade a sintomas psiquiátricos em pacientes com ELT.

OBJECTIVE: There is accumulating evidence that the limbic system is pathologically involved in cases of psychiatric comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Our objective was to develop a conceptual framework describing how neuropathological, neurochemical and electrophysiological aspects might contribute to the development of psychiatric symptoms in TLE and the putative neurobiological mechanisms that cause mood disorders in this patient subgroup. METHODS: In this review, clinical, experimental and neuropathological findings, as well as neurochemical features of the limbic system were examined together to enhance our understanding of the association between TLE and psychiatric comorbidities. Finally, the value of animal models in epilepsy and mood disorders was discussed. CONCLUSIONS:TLE and psychiatric symptoms coexist more frequently than chance would predict. Alterations and neurotransmission disturbance among critical anatomical networks, and impaired or aberrant plastic changes might predispose patients with TLE to mood disorders. Clinical and experimental studies of the effects of seizures on behavior and electrophysiological patterns may offer a model of how limbic seizures increase the vulnerability of TLE patients to precipitants of psychiatric symptoms.

OBJETIVOS: Revisar e descrever os estudos do constituinte não psicotomimético da Cannabis sativa, o canabidiol (CBD), como ansiolítico e discutir seus possíveis mecanismos de ação. MÉTODO: Os artigos selecionados para a presente revisão foram identificados por meio de busca eletrônica em inglês, português e espanhol nos bancos de dados ISI Web of Knowledge, SciELO, PubMed e PsycINFO e combinando os termos "canabidiol e ansiolíticos", "canabidiol e semelhante ao ansiolítico" e "canabidiol e ansiedade". Foram também revisadas as listas de referências dos artigos incluídos, de revisões da literatura e de capítulos de livro. Incluímos trabalhos experimentais em humanos e em animais, sem limite de tempo. RESULTADOS: Estudos com modelos animais de ansiedade e envolvendo voluntários saudáveis sugerem claramente que o CBD possui efeitos ansiolíticos. Além disso, o CBD mostrou-se capaz de reduzir a ansiedade em pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade social. CONCLUSÃO: Futuros ensaios clínicos com pacientes portadores de diferentes transtornos de ansiedade, em especial pacientes com transtorno do pânico, obsessivo-compulsivo, ansiedade social e estresse pós-traumático, são oportunos. Além disso, ainda é necessário determinar a adequada faixa terapêutica do CBD e os exatos mecanismos envolvidos nessa ação ansiolítica.

OBJECTIVES: To review and describe studies of the non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD), as an anxiolytic drug and discuss its possible mechanisms of action. METHOD: The articles selected for the review were identified through searches in English, Portuguese, and Spanish in the electronic databases ISI Web of Knowledge, SciELO, PubMed, and PsycINFO, combining the search terms "cannabidiol and anxiolytic", "cannabidiol and anxiolytic-like", and "cannabidiol and anxiety". The reference lists of the publications included, review articles, and book chapters were handsearched for additional references. Experimental animal and human studies were included, with no time restraints. RESULTS: Studies using animal models of anxiety and involving healthy volunteers clearly suggest an anxiolytic-like effect of CBD. Moreover, CBD was shown to reduce anxiety in patients with social anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Future clinical trials involving patients with different anxiety disorders are warranted, especially of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorders. The adequate therapeutic window of CBD and the precise mechanisms involved in its anxiolytic action remain to be determined.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apresenta-se neste relato de caso uma complicação muito rara após a anestesia espinhal, com o objetivo de oferecer algum subsídio ao manuseio e à conduta terapêutica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 63 anos, negro, ASA I, programado para a ressecção transuretral da próstata (RTU), foi submetido a uma anestesia subaracnoidea com bupivacaína (15 mg) sem adrenalina. A punção não apresentou intercorrências e o paciente foi posicionado para cirurgia. Logo após o posicionamento cirúrgico, o paciente reclamou de dor intensa na região perineal, acompanhada de movimentos involuntários, tipo contrações tônico-clônicas, nos membros inferiores. O paciente recebeu benzodiazepínico para controle das mioclonias, sem resultado. Em seguida, o paciente apresentou agitação importante e, submetido à intubação orotraqueal, foi mantido em ventilação controlada e encaminhado para a Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos. Apesar da realização de todos os exames bioquímicos e de imagem, nenhuma causa aparente foi detectada. Não houve troca de medicação e o mesmo lote de anestésico havia sido usado em outros pacientes naquele dia, sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: Com o afastamento de todas as causas possíveis, foi aceito, por exclusão, o diagnóstico de mioclonia espinhal pós-raquianestesia com bupivacaína

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is presented in this case report a very rare complication after spinal anesthesia to provide subsidies to the management and therapeutic conduct. CASE REPORT: This is a 63-year old African-Brazilian patient, ASA I, scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). He underwent subarachnoid anesthesia with bupivacaine (15 mg) without adrenaline. Intercurrences were not observed during puncture, and the patient was positioned for surgery. Soon after positioning the patient, he complained of severe pain in the perineum region followed by involuntary tonic-clonic movements of the lower limbs. The patient was treated with a benzodiazepine to control the myoclonus without response. This episode was followed by significant agitation and the patient was intubated. He was maintained in controlled ventilation and transferred to the Intensive Care Unit. Despite all biochemical and imaging tests performed, an apparent cause was not detected. The medication was not changed and the same batch of anesthetic had been used in other patients that same day without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: After ruling out all possible causes, the diagnosis of spinal myoclonus after spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine was made by exclusion

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: En este relato de caso, presentamos una complicación muy rara después de la anestesia espinal, con el objetivo de ofrecer algún subsidio para el manejo y la conducta terapéutica. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente de 63 años, negro, ASA I, programado para la resección transuretral de la próstata (RTU), que fue sometido a una anestesia subaracnoidea con bupivacaína (15 mg), sin adrenalina. La punción no presentó intercurrencias y el paciente fue posicionado para la cirugía. Inmediatamente después del posicionamiento quirúrgico, el paciente se quejó de un intenso dolor en la región perineal, seguido de movimientos involuntarios, como contracciones tónico-clónicas en los miembros inferiores. El paciente recibió benzodiazepínico para el control de las mioclonías, sin resultados. Enseguida, debutó con una agitación importante y fue sometido a la intubación orotraqueal y mantenido bajo ventilación controlada. Posteriormente fue derivado a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. A pesar de la realización de todos los exámenes bioquímicos y de imagen, no se detectó ninguna causa aparente. No hubo cambio de medicación y se usó el mismo lote de anestésico que había sido usado en otros pacientes aquel día, sin intercurrencias. CONCLUSIONES: Al descartar todas las posibles causas, se aceptó, por exclusión, el diagnóstico de la mioclonía espinal postraquianestesia con bupivacaína

CONTEXTO: O transtorno de ansiedade social (TAS), apesar da baixa taxa de detecção e do alto índice de comorbidades associadas, é considerado uma condição tratável. Apesar da resposta estabelecida a diversas classes de medicamentos, os algoritmos para o tratamento do TAS necessitam de atualização constante. OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão sistemática da literatura no que diz respeito à eficácia dos tratamentos farmacológicos relativos ao TAS, a partir de estudos controlados, conduzidos no período de 2005 a 2010. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados os indexadores eletrônicos PsycoInfo, Lilacs e Medline, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: "social phobia or social anxiety and treatment". RESULTADOS: De acordo com critérios de inclusão adotados, 29 artigos foram incluídos e analisados. Mostram-se eficazes para o tratamento do TAS as seguintes drogas, de acordo com a classe: a) ISRSs: escitalopram, fluvoxamina, citalopram, GR205171 e sertralina; b) ISRSN: venlafaxina; c) IMAOs: fenelzina, moclobemina; d) aminoácidos: d-cicloserina; f) anticonvulsivantes: tiagabina. CONCLUSÃO: Os ISRSs e os ISRSNs têm seu uso estabelecido e ainda continuam sendo considerados primeira opção de tratamento. Porém, destaca-se o potencial futuro da d-cicloserina e dos anticonvulsivantes, com necessidade de um número maior de estudos controlados que confirmem os achado iniciais. A ação das diferentes drogas em nível neurobiológico, bem como dos tratamentos associados, necessita ainda ser mais explorada.

BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD), despite its low detection rates and high level of associated comorbidities, is considered a treatable condition. Although the condition's response to several drug classes is well established, the algorithms for the treatment of SAD require regular updating. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic literature review on the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for SAD based on controlled trials published between 2005 and 2010. METHOD: Searches were performed in the electronic databases PsycInfo, Lilacs, and Medline using the search terms "social phobia or social anxiety and treatment". RESULTS: In accordance with the inclusion criteria adopted, 29 articles were included and analyzed. The following drugs, grouped according to class, proved efficient to treat SAD: a) SSRIs: escitalopram, fluvoxamine, citalopram, GR205171, and sertraline; b) SNRI: venlafaxine; c) MAOIs: phenelzine, moclobemide; d) amino acids: f-cycloserine; and (e) anticonvulsants: tiagabine. DISCUSSION: The use of SSRIs and SNRIs to treat SAD is well established and these are still considered the first-line treatment for the condition; however, evidence suggests the future potential of D-cycloserine and anticonvulsants, whose efficacy must be confirmed by further controlled trials. The action profiles of the different medications used to treat SAD at the neurobiological level, as well as that of associated treatments, need to be explored in greater depth.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar pedidos de interconsulta psiquiátrica realizados para dois hospitais gerais universitários brasileiros e avaliar a aplicabilidade de um protocolo de registro de interconsulta psiquiátrica (PRISMe). Foi realizada análise dos pedidos de interconsulta, do PRISMe anexado a eles e o número total de pedidos de interconsulta incluídos na amostra foi 541 (438 pedidos de interconsulta do HCFMRP-USP e 103 pedidos de interconsulta do HU-UFSC). Observou-se maior freqüência de solicitação para pacientes do sexo feminino, caucasianos, entre 31 a 60 anos e casados. Os diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais freqüentes foram depressão, transtornos de adaptação e de personalidade. Os resultados estão de acordo com a literatura nacional e internacional e as diferenças encontradas podem ser atribuídas às diferenças na infra-estrutura das instituições e nos contextos sócio-econômicos nos quais estão inseridas. Achados do presente estudo demonstram a aplicabilidade do PRISMe e sugerem que podem facilitar a sistematização da obtenção de achados clínico-demográficos e a comparabilidade entre as diferenças.

The objective of the present report was to compare consultative psychiatric services in two Brazilian university hospitals and to evaluate the applicability of a standardized protocol (PRISMe) for recording psychiatric liaison consultations. Analyses of psychiatric consultations and the attached protocol were performed. 541 consecutive liaison consultations were included in the final sample (438 consecutive consultations from the Federal university hospital in São Paulo and 103 from the Federal university hospital in Santa Catarina). In both hospitals, the majority of patients were female, married, white, and 31 to 60 years of age. Depression and adjustment and personality disorders were the most common psychiatric diagnoses, which could explain the higher referral of female patients. The results are consistent with the Brazilian and international literature, and the differences between the two hospitals could be related to both logistical differences between the consultative psychiatric services and the socioeconomic contexts. The findings confirm the applicability of the PRISMe and suggest that systematization of clinical and demographic information is important for future comparative studies.