ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has generated various changes in the daily routine of people worldwide, affecting the usual food environments and related habits. Among university students, the change in food environments has had a strong impact due to the closure of university campuses. However, there is little information in the country about the consequences that this modification has caused. The study aim was to explore how the environments and eating habits of university students changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Participants correspond to students of a public university in Chile. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted online. Interview narratives were analyzed through a thematic analysis, using an inductive approach. The results show two main themes: I) Purchase and access to food, where great changes were not seen in the supply environment, but in the food environments of restaurants and public roads; II) Transition from the institutional food environment to the domestic environment, a situation that modified the eating habits of most of the students, who declared consuming more homemade preparations, in addition to perceiving more time available at the time of consuming food, compared to that given in context pre-pandemic college. It is necessary to reflect on how the positive aspects in the environments and eating habits could be favored in a return to the presence in the academic environment.

RESUMEN La pandemia por Covid-19 ha generado diversos cambios en la rutina diaria de las personas a nivel mundial, repercutiendo en los ambientes alimentarios habituales y hábitos relacionados. En los estudiantes universitarios, el cambio en los ambientes alimentarios ha impactado fuertemente debido al cierre de las casas de estudio. Sin embargo, existe escasa información en el país, acerca de las consecuencias que dicha modificación ha provocado. El objetivo fue explorar cómo han cambiado los ambientes y hábitos alimentarios de universitarios, debido a la pandemia por Covid-19. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de tipo cualitativo. Los participantes fueron estudiantes pertenecientes a una facultad de una universidad pública de Chile. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas semiestructuradas en modalidad online. La narrativa de las entrevistas se analizó a través de un análisis temático, con un enfoque inductivo. Los resultados muestran dos temas principales: I) Compra y acceso a alimentos, en donde no se visualizaron grandes cambios en el ambiente de abastecimiento, pero si en los ambientes alimentarios de restauración y vía pública; II) Transición desde el ambiente alimentario institucional al doméstico, situación que modificó los hábitos alimentarios en la mayoría de los estudiantes, quienes declararon consumir preparaciones más caseras, además de percibir mayor tiempo disponible al momento de consumir alimentos, en comparación a aquel dado en contexto universitario pre pandémico. Se requiere reflexionar acerca de cómo los aspectos positivos en los ambientes y hábitos alimentarios pudieran favorecerse en una vuelta a la presencialidad en el ambiente académico.

Abstract Elevation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in biological fluids indicates a deficiency in the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, which causes maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Detection of increased levels of alloisoleucine confirms the diagnosis, while routine monitoring of leucine concentration is crucial for preventing metabolic decompensation and neurological dysfunction. In the metabolic center at Universidad de Chile, we have confirmed and monitored more than fifty MSUD patients in the last 20 years. Most diagnoses were made by clinical and sibling diagnosis, as MSUD is not included in the Chilean national newborn screening program. Shortening diagnosis time has a fundamental impact on the outcome of patients, therefore we focused on implementing detection of BCAAs in dried blood spot by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) for disease confirmation as well as for biochemical monitoring. Retrospective analysis of samples from 9 diagnosed MSUD patients were performed; BCAAs values were determined via MSMS and LC-MSMS conducted in parallel. Leucine and alloisoleucine levels were positively correlated with patient’s diagnosis age. Alloisoleucine was significatively elevated as early as 24 hr after birth. A predictable variation in BCAAs levels after nutritional intervention among diagnosed MSUD patients was found.

Objetivo: desarrollar una guía de práctica clínica que permita orientar el diagnóstico de los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa mediante el uso adecuado de criterios clínicos y direccionar la conducta terapéutica en las diferentes etapas de la enfermedad y en los diferentes niveles de atención. Materiales y métodos: esta guía fue desarrollada por un equipo multidisciplinario con apoyo de la Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología, el Grupo Cochrane ITS y el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se desarrollaron preguntas clínicas relevantes a la entidad y se realizó la búsqueda de guías nacionales e internacionales en bases de datos especializadas. Las guías existentes fueron evaluadas en términos de calidad y aplicabilidad; una de las guías cumplió con los criterios de adaptación y el grupo decidió actualizar la búsqueda, desarrollando de novo las preguntas adicionales contempladas. El Grupo Cochrane realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Las tablas de evidencia y recomendaciones fueron realizadas usando la metodología GRADE. Resultados: se desarrolló una guía de práctica clínica, basada en la evidencia, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la colitis ulcerativa en adultos en Colombia. Conclusiones: se estableció la importancia para el diagnóstico de la evaluación clínica, endoscópica e histológica y se especificaron las indicaciones para el adecuado tratamiento de los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa, de acuerdo con su severidad y estado de remisión.

Objective: To provide an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the diagnostic and treatment of ulcerative colitis for patients, caregivers, administrative, and government bodies at all levels of care in Colombia. Materials and Methods: This guide was developed by a multidisciplinary team with the support of the Colombian Association of Gastroenterology, Cochrane STI Group and Clinical Research Institute of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Relevant clinical questions were developed and the search for national and international guidelines in databases was performed. Existing guidelines were evaluated for quality and applicability. One of the guidelines met the criteria for adaptation, so the group decided to update the search and develop de novo the additional questions. Systematic literature searches were conducted. The tables of evidence and recommendations were made based on the GRADE methodology. Results: An evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis was developed for the Colombian context. Conclusions: The opportune management of ulcerative colitis would have an impact of the disease in Colombia

There is growing evidence than acute myeloid leukemia presents a specific methylation profile. The Methylation of CpG islands within gene promoters is a major epigenetic transcriptional control mechanism and plays a critical role in the transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes. This provides new insights into the biology of the disease and it may offer novel therapeutic opportunities. To identify the promoter methylation profile of tumor suppressor genes (p15, p16, ESR1, IGSF4, SOCS1, RARB y DAPK), and to relate the percentage of methylation with clinicopathological features, as age, gender, white cell count, disease classification and survival rates. Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples were collected at diagnosis from 33 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, infants and adult, between 1997 and 2008 from Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital, Temuco, Chile. Methylation in the promoter areas of each tumor suppressor gene was analyzed using the mehylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) technique using sodium bisulfite modification. The frequency of hypermethylation among the patient samples was 88%, 27%, 27%, 21%, 15%, 3% and 0% for ESR1, RARb, IGSF4, p15, SOCS1, DAPK, and P16 for each one. Methylation was significantly associated with an inferior overall survival (p=0.03 and p=0.02). When both genes are used, inferior survival is even more significant (p=0.002). There is no significant correlation between methylation and clinicopathological features.Patients with AML have hipermetilation at the promoter region of some tumor supressor genes, with a negative effect in the overall survival. This could eventually become part of establishing a characteristical methilation pattern with clinical utility.

Existe creciente evidencia que apoya la presencia de un perfil de metilación específico para Leucemia Mieloide Aguda (LMA). La metilación de los islotes CpG en las regiones promotoras de los genes supresores de tumores es un importante mecanismo de control epigenético y participa en el silenciamiento transcripcional. Esto puede contribuir a un nuevo entendimiento de la biología de la enfermedad y vislumbrar nuevas oportunidades terapéuticas. Identificar el perfil de metilación de las áreas promotoras de un grupo de genes supresores de tumores; (p15, p16, ESR1, IGSF4, SOCS1, RARB y DAPK), y relacionar el estatus de metilación gen especifica o combinada con diferentes parámetros clínico patológicos. Se utilizaron muestras de sangre o médula ósea obtenidas al momento del diagnóstico de 33 pacientes con LMA, infantil y del adulto, recolectadas entre los años 1997 y 2008 en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez de Temuco. Se evaluó la presencia de hipermetilación mediante una Reacción de Polimerasa en Cadena Metilación Específica (MSP), previa modificación con bisulfito de sodio. La frecuencia de metilación de los pacientes estudiados fue de 88%, 27%, 27%, 21%, 15%, 3% y 0% para ESR1, RARb, IGSF4, p15, SOCS1, DAPK, y P16, respectivamente. La hipermetilación de P15 y RARb presentó una asociación significativa para una menor supervivencia en forma individual (p=0,03 y p=0,02), y combinada (p=0,002). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre metilación y los otros parámetros clínicos analizados. Los pacientes con LMA presentan hipermetilación de la región promotora en algunos genes supresores de tumores, afectando negativamente la supervivencia. Esto pudiese eventualmente contribuir al establecimiento de un patrón de metilación determinado con utilidad clínica.

En este artículo se describe el efecto anticonvulsivante del extracto obtenido de Cecropia membranacea Trécul (Urticaceae, N.V: “yarumo”), especie utilizada en Colombia con fines tranquilizantes. El extracto metanólico (0.5 g/kg v.o.), administrado a ratones albinos ICR, ejerce actividad anticonvulsivante (73% de protección) frente a las convulsiones mioclónicas inducidas por pentilentetrazol (PTZ), modelo químico de las crisis de ausencia. También confiere protección significativa frente a las convulsiones inducidas por electroshock (80% de protección), modelo de las crisis tónicas clónicas generalizadas; y ejerce efectos positivos en el parámetro de frecuencia de la prueba de laberinto en cruz elevado, modelo de trastornos de ansiedad (p<0.05). En contraste, carece de efectos significativos en las pruebas de sueño barbitúrico y de nado forzado, sugiriendo ausencia de efectos de tipo hipnótico y antidepresivo. En el análisis fitoquímico se detecta la presencia de taninos, terpenoides y flavonoides. El estudio sugiere que la especie C. membranacea podría ser fuente de sustancias con propiedades anticonvulsivantes y ansiolíticas.

The methanolic extract obtained from Cecropia membranacea Trécul (0,5 g/kg v.o.) administered to mice albinos ICR, elicits antiseizure activity (73% of protection) in mice exposed to pentilentetrazol (PTZ, 80 mg/kg, sc.), chemical model of absence crisis. Additionally, the extract conferred significant protection against the maximal electroshock seizure, model of tonic clonic seizures and the parameter of frequency in the elevated plus maze test, screening model of anxiety. On the other hand, the extract lacked effect on the pentobarbitone induced sleep test and in the forced swimming test, screening model for antidepressants. Phytochemical preliminary analysis showed presence of tannin, terpenoid and flavonoid metabolites. This study suggests that C. membranacea could be source of substances with anticonvulsant and anxiolitic properties.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a complication with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Inadequate antibiotic treatment is a risk factor of mortality which can be improved. For this reason it is important to know the local etiology of VAP. During a one year-period we investigated the etiology of VAP in a teaching hospital. Forty eight VAP were included, of which 19 were women. The median age was 59.5 (range 17-91 years), twelve VAP were early onset. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the main microorganism isolated, regardless of timing of diagnosis of VAP, followed by polimicrobial etiology, Acinetobacter sp and P. aeruginosa. Etiology was not associated with comorbidity; however previous antibiotic use was related with MRSA and polymicrobial etiology. Mortality was 35% and was mainly associated with P. aeruginosa isolation. Conclusion: MRSA was the main cause of VAP regardless of the timing of its occurrence

La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es una complicación relacionada con un aumento de morbilidad y mortalidad. Dentro de los factores de mal pronóstico, el tratamiento antimicrobiano inadecuado es una de las variables que puede corregirse. Para esto debe conocerse la etiología institucional de la NAVM. Durante un año se recopilaron las NAVM con documentación microbiológica en un hospital universitario. En total, 48 neumonías fueron incluidas, 19 en pacientes femeninas, la mediana de la edad fue de 59,5 años (rango 17-91), 12 de ellas precoces. Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA) fue el principal agente involucrado, independiente del momento de su génesis, seguido por la etiología polimicrobiana, Acinetobacter sp y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, en ese orden. La etiología no se asoció con la existencia de co-morbilidad, el uso previo de antimicrobianos se asoció con la presencia de MRSA y etiología polimicrobiana. La letalidad fue de 35% y se relacionó, principalmente, con la presencia de P. aeruginosa. Conclusión: La principal causa de NAVM en esta experiencia fue SAMR, independiente del momento evolutivo de su ocurrencia

Se evaluó la actividad antiagregante en plaquetas humanas del extracto etanólico (96%, residuo seco) obtenido de las cáscaras de los tubérculos de Solanum tuberosum, especie medicinal que se utiliza etnobotánicamente en Colombia para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial. El material obtenido de dos variedades, sabanera y pastusa, presentó, en función de la dosis (1 µg/mL -100 µg/mL), efectos antiagregantes in vitro en plaquetas estimuladas con adenosindifosfato (ADP 10 µM), epinefrina (300 µM), colágeno (10 µg/mL) y ácido araquidónico (AA 150 µg/mL). Los valores de CI50 obtenidos por las variedades sabanera y pastusa fueron respectivamente de: 1,8 µg/mL y 0,4 mg/mL frente a ADP, 4,4 µg/mL y 0,1 mg/mL frente a epinefrina, 34,1 µg/mL y 1,3 mg/mL, frente a colágeno y 12,3 µg/mL y < 0,1 µg/mL frente al ácido araquidónico. El perfil antiagregante dosis-respuesta de la variedad pastusa fue similar al descrito por el ácido acetil salicílico (ASA) frente a AA, precursor clave en la síntesis de prostaglandinas. Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que S. tuberosum posee un perfil farmacológico promisorio, dado que conjuga efectos hipotensores, descritos con anterioridad, con efectos antiagregantes, favoreciendo así su potencial terapéutico en el tratamiento de trastornos cardiovasculares tales como hipertensión arterial y enfermedad coronaria.

The plant Solanum tuberosum is used in Colombian folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. We evaluated the antiaggregant properties on human platelets of an ethanolic extract (96%) obtained from the skin of tubers of this species. Extracts from two varieties, sabanera and pastusa revealed in vitro dose-dependent (10-100 mg/mL) antiaggregant effects on platelets stimulated with adenosindiphosphate (ADP 10 µM), epinephrine (300 µM), collagen (10 µg/mL), and arachidonic acid (150 µg/mL). The IC50 values for the sabanera and pastusa varieties were, respectively, 1,8 µg/mL and 0,4 mg/mL, against ADP; 4,4 µg/mL and 0,1 mg/mL against epinephrine; 34,1 µg/mL and 1,3 mg/mL against collagen, and 12,3 µg/mL and < 0,1 µg/mL, against arachidonic acid, a key precursor in prostaglandin synthesis. Our findings suggest that S. tuberosum has a promising pharmacological profile since it combines the hypotensive effects, previously described, with the antiaggregant ones; therefore, it is potentially useful for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and coronary artery disease.

Background:Monitoring of cardiac preload by determination of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) has been traditionally used to guide fluid therapy to optimize cardiac output (CO). Since factors such as intrathoracic pressure and ventricular compliance may modify PAOP, volumetric estimators of preload have been developed. The PiCCO system is able to measure CO and intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) by transpulmonary thermodilution. Aim: To compare a volumetric (ITBV) versus a pressure (PAOP) determination to accurately estimate cardiac preload in severely ill patients. Patients and Methods: From June 2001 to October 2003, 22 mechanically ventilated patients with hemodynamic instability underwent hemodynamic monitoring with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and PiCCO system. ITBV index (ITBVI), PAOP and CI were measured simultaneously by both methods. One hundred thirty eight deltas (D) were obtained from the difference of ITBVI, PAOP, CI-PAC and CI-PiCCO between 6-12 am and 6-12 pm. Linear regression analysis of DITBVI versus Ð CI-PiCCO and Ð PAOP versus DCI-PAC were made. Results: Mean age of patients was 60.8 ± 19.4 years. APACHE II was 23.9 ± 7. Fifteen patients met criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Delta ITBVI significantly correlated with DCI-PiCCO (r=0.54; 95% confidence interval = 0.41-0.65; p <0.01). There was no correlation between DPAOP and DCI-PAC. Conclusion: ITBVI correlated better with CI than PAOP, and therefore it seems to be a more accurate estimator of preload in unstable, mechanically ventilated patients

The fusion of a murine B cell and a myeloma cell generates a hybridoma that produces monoclonal antibody (mAb). These murine mAb induce the HAMA (human anti-mouse antibodies) response. Murine mAb have been modified by genetic engineering, producing molecules with a higher proportion of human protein. At present, chimeric, humanized and fully human mAb are available. mAb block interactions between target molecules and their ligands or trigger the lyses of mAb-coated tumor cells. Numerous mAb have been developed using the recombinant DNA technology and several are available in the market. Trastuzumab, against HER2/neu, is useful in breast cancer; rituximab, against CD20 in B lymphocytes is useful in lymphoma; alemtuzumab, against CD52 is used in lymphoma and leukemia; daclizumab and basiliximab block the IL-2 receptor interaction and reduce acute rejection in kidney transplantion; abciximab, an antagonist of GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor, is used in patients undergoing acute coronary syndromes. In autoimmunity diseases, blocking tumor necrosis factor by infliximab and adalimumab has demonstrated excellent results. Thus, infliximab is useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis while adalimumab is the first fully human mAb available for RA. Infliximab and adalimumab reduce signs and symptoms in RA and they also interfere with progression of joint damage. Finally, the direct benefits of antagonist treatment can occur at the expense of a major adverse effect in some other biological function (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1445-53).

The management of protected areas and the aspirations of indigenous local communities associated with these areas are frequently in conflict. Tools of participatory planning have been successfully used to collaborate in alleviating these conflicts. In this study, the case of the Chiloé National Park is analyzed using this type of approach. It is applied to a Huilliche community, who live at the boundary of the park, and involves problems of land tenure. Three participatory workshops were carried out with the community, one with children attending primary school to analyze their perception of the problem and two with adults to identify conflicts and their causes and consequences. The benefits of the park to the community in terms of their own land and a buffer zone were also discussed. The main problem identified by the community was the lack of a concerted plan to explain the development of the park to them. There is still a perception of uncertainty about the objectives of the protected area and the benefits of having the buffer zone. However, the community and CONAF are willing to continue a participatory project of mutual interest.

Es frecuente que el manejo de áreas protegidas y las aspiraciones de las comunidades indígenas vinculadas a estas áreas sean motivo de diversos conflictos, donde las herramientas de planificación participativa han colaborado de manera importante a resolverlos. En este estudio se analiza el caso del Parque Nacional Chiloé, empleando ese tipo de metodologías, aplicadas a una comunidad Huilliche aledaña al Parque, con conflictos por derechos de propiedad de la tierra. Se realizaron tres talleres participativos en la comunidad, uno con niños escolares para analizar su percepción sobre esta realidad y dos con adultos para la identificación de conflictos, sus causas y consecuencias, y para formular una idea de proyecto en beneficio de la comunidad y del Parque en terrenos propios y compartidos de una zona amortiguadora. El principal problema identificado por la comunidad fue la falta de un plan acordado que articule el desarrollo de la comunidad y del Parque. Aún se percibe un desconocimiento de los objetivos del área protegida y del beneficio que les reporta la existencia de una zona amortiguadora. Sin embargo, existe la voluntad por parte de CONAF y de la comunidad para continuar con un plan participativo que considere ambos intereses.

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia over 1,000 mg/dl can provoke acute pancreatitis and its persistence can worsen the clinical outcome. On the contrary, a rapid decrease in triglyceride level is beneficial. Plasmapheresis has been performed in some patients to remove chylomicrons from the circulation, while heparin and/or insulin have been administered in some other cases to rapidly reduce blood triglycerides. Heparin and insulin stimulate lipoprotein-lipase activity and accelerate chylomicron degradation. Aim: To report five patients with acute pancreatitis treated with heparin and insulin. Patients and methods: Five patients (4 females and 1 male) seen in the last two years, who suffered acute pancreatitis induced by hypertriglyceridemia are reported. Initial blood triglyceride levels were above 1,000 mg/dl (range 1,590-8,690 mg/dl). Besides the usual treatment of acute pancreatitis, heparin and/or insulin were administered intravenously in continuous infusion. Heparin dose was guided by usual parameters of blood coagulation, and insulin dose, by serial determinations of blood glucose. Pancreatic necrosis was demonstrated in 4 patients. Results: Serum triglyceride levels decreased to <500 mg/dl within 3 days in all cases. No complication of treatment was observed and all patients survived. Early and late complications of pancreatitis occurred in one patient. Conclusion: Administration of heparin and/or insulin is an efficient alternative to reduce triglyceride levels in patients with acute pancreatitis and hypertriglyceridemia (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 1373-8)

As a contribution to the epidemiology of SHU in Chile, this work was focused on cattle and pigs as a possible reservoir of EHEC. This was achieved by analyzing E. coli isolates from faecal samples of healthy animals slaughtered in two abattoirs in Santiago. EHEC strains were identified by DNA hybridization with specific gene probes for Shiga-like toxin I (SLTI) and II (SLTII). Positive strains were hybridized with specific gene probes for fimbrial adhesin and eae factor, serogrouped and examined for sorbitol fermentability. Among the 136 steers and 120 pigs studied, 39 (28.7%) and 82 (68.3%) were found to carry EHEC strains, respectively. Of the 40 bovine strains that hybridized with two SLT DNA probes, 29 (72.5%) hybridized with only SLTI probe, 6 (15%) hybridized with only SLTII probe and 5 (12.5%) hybridized with both SLTI and SLTII probes. Only 6 (15%) of the 40 EHEC hybridized with fimbrial adhesin probe and 14 (35%) hybridized with eae probe. An important number of strains (14/40) belonged to serogroups O157, O26 and O111; serogroups also commonly isolated from SHU cases in Chile. One steer was found to carry two EHEC strains of different serogroups. 50% of EHEC were sorbitol positive, irrespective of the O serogroup or genotypic profile. Of the 82 pig strains, the predominant cytotoxic profile was SLTI-SLTII (68.3%); only 35 (42.7%) hybridized with fimbrial adhesin probe. An important number of strains (80/82) hybridized with eae probe. The serogroups found were: O157, O26, O111, O114, O119, O126, O127, O128, O142 and O158. Approximately 50% of EHEC strains were sorbitol positive, O157 included. Results obtained in this study strongly suggest that cattle and pigs in Chile are a reservoir of EHEC associated with diseases in humans

Con el fin de establecer la posible participación de bovinos y porcinos en la epidemiología del SHU se analizó la presencia de cepas ECEH en contenido intestinal de animales sanos caracterizando marcadores fenotípicos y genotípicos asociados a virulencia. Se aislaron cepas EHEC en el 28.7% de los bovinos y 68.3% de los cerdos. Las cepas EHEC fueron definidas como aquellas capaces de hibridizar, mediante técnica de estampado de colonias, con al menos una sonda para las citotoxinas (SLTI-SLTII). El perfil toxigénico de las cepas bovinas fue predominantemente SLTI, mientras que en porcinos fue el SLTI-SLTII. Menos del 40% de las cepas aisladas de ambos animales presentaron homología con la sonda asociada a la fimbria de adherencia; un valor similar se encontró en las cepas bovinas en relación al factor eae. Llama la atención que sobre un 90% de cepas aisladas de cerdos hibridaran con la sonda para el factor eae, situación que hace pensar en un mayor riesgo para la salud pública en nuestro país. La serogrupificación demostró la presencia, aunque en baja proporción, de cepas O157, O26 y O111 tanto en bovinos como en porcinos. Alrededor de un 50% del total de las cepas aisladas, tanto de bovinos como porcinos, fueron capaces de fermentar el sorbitol, incluyendo cepas del serogrupo O157. La presencia de cepas EHEC O157, O26 y O111, portadoras de factores de virulencia, hacen sugerir que tanto los bovinos como porcinos constituyen, en nuestro país, reservorios de cepas potencialmente patógenas para el hombre.