The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led society to live with a serious public health problem. In this sense, repositioning of antiretrovirals has captured the attention of the scientific community. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an antiretroviral compound that is used to treat acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis B. In this short report, we present a scale-up investigation of TDF by in situ infrared spectroscopy monitoring and a forced degradation study to describe a new degradation product. Finally, we have evaluated TDF in vitro for SARS-CoV-2 for the first time foreseeing the using of this medicine in pre-clinical and clinical investigations for the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) treatment.

ABSTRACT Erythraline is the major alkaloid produced by Erythrina verna Vell., Fabaceae, a plant used in folk medicine and phytotherapeutic products to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of erythraline after intravenous administration in rats. For the analysis of erythraline in rat plasma, a method was developed and validated using UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. The metabolite 8-oxo-erythraline observed in previous biomimetic model studies was monitored during in vivo experiments. The quantification limit was 5 ng/ml within a linear range of 5-2000 ng/ml. After an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were observed: elimination half-life of 44.2 min; total clearance of 42.1 ml/min/kg and volume of distribution of 2085 ml/kg. In summary, a precise, accurate and selective UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of erythraline in rats. The metabolite 8-oxo-erythraline was observed in rat plasma after 20 min of erythraline administration.

Seriniquinone is a natural quinone isolated from a rare marine bacterium of the genus Serinicoccus. This secondary metabolite has been shown to have anticancer properties, which has raised attention of the scientific community. In this short report, we present the first investigation of the gas-phase chemistry fragmentation reactions of seriniquinone in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), to be further applied in pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies. All the proposals herein were supported by computational chemistry.

ABSTRACTThe genus Erythrina, Fabaceae, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Their flowers, fruits, seeds and bark are frequently used in folk medicine for its effects on the central nervous system such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, analgesic, sedative, and hypnotic effects. Erythraline has been reported as one of the active compounds from Erythrina, but until now there are no pharmacokinetics data about this compound and only few results showing a putative metabolism were reported. To improve the information about erythraline metabolism, this article reports and discusses, for the first time, the in vitrometabolism biotransformation of erythraline by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie and Gracilaria birdiae (Plastino & Oliveira) (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) are seaweeds that occur on the Brazilian coast. Based on their economic and pharmaceutical importance, we investigated the antioxidant activity of the methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of both species. The hexane extracts display a high antioxidant activity and comparative analyses indicated G. birdiae as the most active species. Chemical investigation of these fractions showed several carotenoids and fatty acids, as well as cholesterol and sitosterol derivatives. HPLC-DAD analysis of G. birdiae showed violaxanthin (0.04 μg.mg-1 of dry material), antheraxanthin (5.31 μg.mg-1), aloxanthin (0.09 μg.mg-1), zeaxanthin (0.45 μg.mg-1) and β-carotene (0.37 μg.mg-1) as the major carotenoids. G. domingensis showed a similar carotenoid profile, however, with much lower concentration than G. birdiae. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to determine other nonpolar compounds of these seaweeds. The main compounds detected in both studied species were the fatty acids 16:0; 18:1 Δ9; 20:3 Δ6,9,12, 20:4 Δ5,8,11,14. We found no specificity of compounds in either species. However, G. birdiae, presented higher contents of carotenoids and arachidonic acid than G. domingensis.

Erythrina verna is a medicinal plant used to calm agitation popularly known as mulungu. We purchased the barks of E. verna from a commercial producer and analyzed the alkaloid fraction of the bark by CG-MS and HRESI-MS. Five erythrinian alkaloids were identified: erysotrine, erythratidine, erythratidinone, epimer, and 11-hydroxieritratidinone. Here we report the compound 11-hydroxieritratidinone for the first time as a natural product.

Este artigo descreve a caracterização por CLAE-DAD-EM/EM e CLAE-DEC dos perfis de metabólitos secundários de extratos das folhas de Lychnophora ericoides Mart. de diferentes procedências e suas propriedades citotóxicas e antioxidantes. Extratos foliares de populações representando sete diferentes localidades foram avaliados quanto à atividade antioxidante pelo sistema DPPH e à atividade citotóxica em três linhagens tumorais. Os extratos foram eletroquimicamente caracterizados por CLAE-DEC e seus metabólitos secundários majoritários foram identificados por CLAE-DAD-EM e CLAE-DAD-EM/EM. Um metabolismo secundário defensivo amplificado, juntamente com as mais altas bioatividades antioxidantes e citotóxicas, foi encontrado para as plantas coletadas na interface entre dois tipos de vegetação. Estes resultados fornecem apoio adicional para a hipótese de que plantas ocorrendo na interface entre dois ecossistemas podem ser estimuladas a amplificar sua produção e armazenamento de metabólitos secundários defensivos, devido ao maior número de influências ambientais.

This paper reports HPLC-DAD-MS/MS and HPLC-ECD characterisation of secondary metabolite profiles of Lychnophora ericoides Mart. leaf extracts from different provenances and their cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. Leaf extracts from populations representing seven different locations were evaluated for antioxidant activity by the DPPH radical scavenging system and activity towards cellular growth in three tumor cell lines. The extracts were electrochemically analysed by HPLC-ECD and their main secondary metabolites were identified by HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. An amplified defensive secondary chemistry, together with maximal cytotoxic and antioxidant bioactivities, were found for plants collected at the interface between two types of forest. These findings furnish additional support for the hypothesis that plants occurring at the interface between two forests ecosystems might be stimulated to amplify their own production and storage of defensive secondary metabolites due to the greater number of environmental influences.

No presente estudo, duas micosporinas (MAAs) contendo um segundo ácido carboxílico foram submetidas à fragmentação em eletrospray e nanospray em diferentes equipamentos. Em contraste com resultados anteriores, a eliminação de radical metila no modo positivo de análise foi um processo minoritário de fragmentação. Neste trabalho apresentamos também a via de fragmentação destas substâncias em modo negativo e cálculos teóricos para caracterizar os sítios de protonação.

Two mycosporine (MAAs), containing an extra acid function, were analyzed by nanospray and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In contrast to the previous studies it is demonstrated that no significant characteristic methyl radical loss occurred in positive mode. The fragmentation pathway in negative mode was also proposed in this work, along with theoretical calculations to characterize the site of protonation.

A determinação qualitativa e quantitativa de carotenóides pode fornecer diferentes e importantes informações sobre os organismos que os contêm. Na análise de pigmentos por HPLC diversos detectores podem ser utilizados, como diode array (DAD) e eletroquímico (ED). O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método por HPLC utilizando uma coluna C30 para a identificação e quantificação de dezesseis pigmentos em diferentes classes de algas, além de comparar as respostas obtidas nos detectores DAD e ED por meio da análise dos resultados de precisão e exatidão. Apesar do ED ser geralmente um detector mais sensível que o DAD, os resultados de precisão e exatidão foram mais satisfatórios para o DAD. O método desenvolvido foi eficiente para a análise quantitativa dos pigmentos de cianobactérias e diferentes classes de algas, sendo que o padrão cromatográfico encontrado em cada classe foi discutido.

Qualitative and quantitative determination of carotenoids pigments can provide valuable information about the organisms in which this important class of compounds is found. In the HPLC analysis of pigments, diode array (DAD), electrochemical (ED) and other kinds of detector may be used. The aim of this work is to develop an HPLC method using a C30 column to identify and quantify sixteen different pigments from algae. A further aim is to compare precision and accuracy obtained by DAD and ED. ED is normally more sensible than DAD. On the other hand, the highest precision and accuracy was obtained with DAD. In conclusion, the method was efficient for quantitative and qualitative analyses of pigments from cyanobacteria and different microalgae classes. Their pigment patterns for several organisms are also discussed.

Ultraviolet radiation is the major exogenous mediators of skin damage. To prevent such damage, sunscreen products are used. New research aims at both the elucidation of new sunscreen compounds, as well as new assets for supporting and synergistic action. In this article it is presented a systematic data of innovation for sunscreen and a discussion on prospects for partnership between universities and enterprises, where it is believed that the innovations in cosmetics, driven by the constant demand of the market in new products, may be a stimulus for the interactions between university and company in Brazil.

The skin is a very complex organ, continuously exposed to physical, chemical and microbiological agents. Enzymes as well as low-molecular weight antioxidants are present in the cutaneous tissue to counterbalance the deleterious effect caused by an oxidative stress and thus maintain homeostasis. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and extracts with these properties have been extensively used for treatment of pathologies and skin aging prevention. We review here different mechanisms that can interfere in the redox equilibrium of the skin, as well as the chemical reactions involved in these processes. Moreover, we discuss the importance of endogenous or exogenous antioxidants that can be acquired from the diet or from oral or topical administration, and methodologies that have been developed to evaluate their efficacy.