Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak commenced in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and swiftly disseminated worldwide. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) formally designated the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic [1]. This highly contagious disease, which has also started to spread among young people, necessitates the implementation of policies to avert the collapse of hospitals due to shortages in beds, mechanical ventilators, and intensive care units. Using the record from March 2020 to May 31 2021, (before the arrival of vaccines in Mexico) of the website of the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of the Government of the Mexican Republic, with more than seven million people associated with COVID-19, a model is built with twelve characteristics that predicts the risk of death associated with COVID-19, applying Supervised Learning Algorithms such as Linear Regression, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees and Random Forests. The results of the machine learning algorithms show a performance of 87%. Subsequently, the model was tested again with 402,116 COVID-19-associated patients from the month of June, achieving an accuracy of 91%, surpassing the model proposed in [3]. When performing data cleaning, we observed that the twelve variables are not correlated, unlike what the authors showed in [4], where data cleaning was not carried out. This analysis can aid in designing strategies and policies to combat its spread and prevent mortality, as well as assist hospitals in prioritizing the care of higher-risk patients.

RESUMEN: Desde principios del siglo XXI el giro epistemológico en las investigaciones académicas hacia lo visual ha obligado a los investigadores de todas las áreas a proveerse de herramientas y estrategias que faciliten la transferencia visual de grandes cantidades de información. Uno de los sistemas más eficaces es el diagrama. Nuestra propuesta es la de concebir el diagrama, de manera sumaria, en toda su magnitud y posibilidad. Tanto como sistema de síntesis en la transferencia como de espacio especulativo donde interaccionan procesos cognitivos complejos. Este proceso de modelización cognitiva mediante el dibujo genera un marco especulativo construido mediante habilidades y conocimientos propios de nuestra área. En este artículo hacemos un resumen de los principales modos y aspectos del diagrama como proceso gráfico de modelización cognitiva.

ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of the 21st century, the epistemological shift in academic research towards the visual has forced researchers in all areas to provide themselves with tools and strategies that facilitate the visual transfer of large amounts of information. One of the most effective systems is the diagram. Our proposal is to conceive the diagram, in a summary way, in all its magnitude and possibility. Both as a system of synthesis in transfer and as a speculative space where complex cognitive processes interact. This process of cognitive modelling through drawing generates a speculative framework built by means of skills and knowledge specific to our area. In this article we summarise the main modes and aspects of the diagram as a graphic process of cognitive modelling.

Resumen El íleo biliar recurrente tiene una frecuencia del 2-8.2% y una mortalidad del 12-20%, que se presenta de forma secundaria a un cálculo biliar entérico o colecístico. Varón que cursa con diagnóstico de oclusión intestinal secundaria a íleo biliar y fístula colecistoduodenal. Se realiza enterotomía y cierre en dos planos con colocación de drenaje. Dos meses después, el paciente presenta un cuadro clínico de oclusión intestinal, por lo que se inicia manejo médico y se realiza la correspondiente tomografía computarizada abdominal, encontrando una imagen sugestiva de íleo biliar recurrente, con manejo por laparotomía.

Abstract Recurrent gallstone ileus has a recurrence of 2-8.2% with a mortality of 12-20%, secondary to an enteric or cholecystic gallstone. A male patient with a diagnosis of intestinal occlusion secondary to biliary ileus and cholecystoduodenal fistula, performing enterotomy and closure in two planes with drainage placement. Two months after presenting the clinical of intestinal occlusion, medical management began and an abdominal tomography was performed, finding an image suggestive of recurrent gallstone ileus, treated with laparotomy.

Resumen En abril de 2016, durante un ultrasonido de rutina, se encontraron masas hepáticas en una mujer de 54 años. La biopsia reveló carcinoma neuroendocrino metastásico (sinaptofisina y cromogranina positivos). Cromogranina sérica elevada y tomografía computarizada con octreótida reveló reforzamiento de las lesiones hepáticas. En septiembre de 2016 inicia terapia sistémica, posteriormente presenta síntomas de insuficiencia cardiaca. Elevación de transaminasas, amonio, péptido natriurético de tipo B y ácido-5-hidroxiindolacético. Un ecocardiograma transtorácico reportó regurgitación severa de válvulas pulmonar y tricuspídea. El diagnóstico fue síndrome carcinoide cardiaco. Se hizo abordaje multidisciplinario y reemplazo de válvula tricuspídea. Reinicia terapia sistémica y posteriormente quimioembolización de metástasis hepáticas. Actualmente se encuentra libre de progresión.

Abstract In April 2016, during a routine check, liver masses were found in a 54-year-old woman. Biopsy revealed a low grade neuroendocrine metastatic carcinoma (both synaptophysin and chromogranin positive). Elevated serum chromogranin and an octreotide scan showed liver lesions reinforcement. In September 2016, after starting systemic therapy, she developed progressive heart failure. Elevated transaminases, ammonium, B-type natriuretic peptide, and 5-hidroxy-indole acetic acid. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed severe tricuspid and pulmonary valve regurgitation. Diagnosis was carcinoid heart syndrome. Multidisciplinary approach and tricuspid valve replacement was performed. She restarted systemic therapy and later chemoembolization of liver metastasis. The patient was progression free until February 2022.

Resumen: Los recién nacidos prematuros moderados son fisiológicamente inmaduros, su cerebro tiene que madurar y adaptarse al entorno extrauterino, lo que puede afectar su desarrollo neurológico. La interacción con sus cuidadores es crucial para su desarrollo, no obstante, estos pueden evidenciar problemáticas de salud mental como sintomatología depresiva y estrés parental. Objetivo: evaluar cómo la sintomatología depresiva y la percepción del estrés de las madres de bebés prematuros moderados durante la hospitalización puede afectar la interacción de la díada. Pacientes y Método: participa ron 85 diadas. Durante la segunda y tercera semana de hospitalización, las madres completaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la escala de estrés parental y la Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). La interacción madre-hijo fue evaluada y codificada con la Escala de Observación del Vínculo Madre-Bebé Hospitalizados. Resultados: las madres de bebés prematuros moderados hospitalizados en una unidad de neonatología pueden presentar una importante sintomatología depresiva y ésta se correlaciona con el estrés experimentado por la madre. El estrés parental y el ser pequeño para la edad gestacional evidenciaron una asociación negativa con las interacciones de las diadas. Conclusiones: El tener un bebé prematuro moderado puede impactar la salud mental de las madres y esto a su vez se relaciona con las interacciones que tienen con sus hijos/as. Del mismo modo se detectaron variables relacionadas con los bebés que también pueden disminuir las interacciones y contacto entre la diada.

Abstract: Moderately preterm infants are physiologically immature, their brains must mature and adapt to the extrauterine environment, which can affect their neurological development. Interaction with their caregivers is crucial for their development, however, these may show mental health problems such as depressive symptoms and parental stress. Objective: to evaluate how depressive symptomatology and stress perception of mothers of moderately preterm infants during hospitalization may affect dyad interaction. Patients and Method: 85 dyads participated. During the second and third weeks of hospitalization, mothers answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the parental stress scale, and the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Mother-infant interaction was assessed and coded with the Hospitalized Mother-Infant Bonding Observation Scale. Results: mothers of moderately preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatology unit may present significant depressive symptomatology which correlate with the stress experienced by the mother. Parental stress and being small for gestational age showed a negative association with dyad interactions. Conclusions: Having a moderately preterm baby can impact the mental health of mothers and this, at the same time, is related to the interactions they have with their children. Likewise, variables related to the babies were detected that can also decrease the interactions and contact between the dyad.

Resumen Los mucoceles del apéndice son raros, predominan en mujeres y suelen presentarse como una masa palpable en el cuadrante inferior derecho. La mayoría de los pacientes son asintomáticos. El mucocele se define como una dilatación quística de la luz apendicular causada por la acumulación de mucina. Se presenta el caso de un paciente del sexo masculino en la séptima década de la vida, con cuadro clínico de abdomen agudo con sospecha de apendicitis aguda. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica laparoscópica de hemicolectomía tras encontrar hallazgos de tumoración dependiente de colon ascendente (región de ciego), indurada de 80 × 100 mm aproximadamente, realizando hemicolectomía derecha más anastomosis ilecolónica lateroterminal con adecuada evolución postquirúrgica.

Abstract Mucoceles of the appendix are rare, predominate in women and usually present as a palpable mass in the right lower quadrant. Most patients are asymptomatic. The mucocele is defined as a cystic dilatation of the appendicular lumen caused by mucin accumulation. We present the case of a male patient in his seventh decade with clinical symptoms of acute abdomen with suspicion of acute appendicitis, laparoscopic hemicolectomy surgery was performed after finding findings of tumor dependent on ascending colon (blind region), indurated 80 × 100 mm approximately, performing right hemicolectomy plus ileocolonic lateroterminal anastomosis with adequate postoperative evolution.

Abstract Background: Erythrocyte distribution width (RDW), neutrophil lymphocyte index (NLI) and mean platelet volume (MPV) have been documented as prognostic factors in multiple pathologies, however their predictive capacity in the presence of severity data in patients with preeclampsia is still unclear. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of hematological markers as predictors of preeclampsia with severity data. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study was performed in pregnant patients with a diagnosis of preeclampsia, INL, RDW and MPV at admission were calculated, and a ROC curve analysis was performed to establish the prognostic performance with preeclampsia with severity data. Results: 120 patients were analyzed, there were no differences in INL and RDW between groups; MPV (AUC 0.629, sensitivity 78%, specificity 50%) and AST (AUC 0.655 sensitivity 50% and specificity 83%) had the best prognostic ability, also MVP was an independent factor associated with the presence of severity data (MR 2.584, 95% CI 1.17-5.66). Conclusions: MPV is a possible predictor, and is associated with the presence of severity data in patients with preeclampsia.

Resumen Antecedentes: El ancho de distribución eritrocitaria (RDW, por sus siglas en inglés), el índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL) y el volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) han sido documentados como factores pronósticos en múltiples patologías; sin embargo aun no es clara su capacidad predictora en presencia de datos de severidad en pacientes con preeclampsia. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de marcadores hematológicos como predictores de preeclampsia con datos de severidad. Material y métodos: Se Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y retrospectivo en pacientes embarazadas con diagnóstico de preeclampsia. Se calculó INL, RDW, VPM al ingreso y se realizó un análisis de curva ROC para establecer el rendimiento pronóstico con la preeclampsia con datos de severidad. Resultados: Se analizaron 120 pacientes, no hubo diferencias en el INL y en el RDW entre los grupos; el VPM (área bajo la curva [AUC]: 0.629, sensibilidad: 78%, especificidad: 50%) y la AST (AUC: 0.655, sensibilidad: 50%, especificidad: 83%) tuvieron la mejor capacidad pronóstica, además la VPM fue un factor asociado independiente con la presencia de datos de severidad (razón de momios: 2.584; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.17-5.66). Conclusiones: El VPM es un posible predictor y se asocia con la presencia de datos de severidad en pacientes con preeclampsia.

Abstract: The crisis caused by the appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious problems in the educational field worldwide. An unprecedented scenario has been generated for people with disabilities or disabilities, which presents major problems such as social isolation, emotional imbalance, and the widening of the digital divide. The general objective of the research has been: "Analyse the scientific production related to the use of Information and Communication Technologies as a means to improve the teaching and learning process of people with disabilities and autism spectrum disorders during the pandemic". A bibliographic, documentary and content analysis of the publications resulting from the international database, Google Scholar, which meet the eleven defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, was carried out, selecting a total of 50 articles. A table of categories was elaborated, with a double methodology: in the first place deductive, through the analysis of the existing literature on the subject analysed, selecting the fundamental categories of study. On the other hand, it is inductive, through the construction of emerging categories that arise when performing data analysis. It has been verified that most of the references are written by a single author, corresponding to doctoral theses that delve into the use of technologies to improve communication and learning of people with visual and hearing disabilities as the most relevant cases, during the period of confinement. caused by COVID-19. Likewise, it has been observed that there are still many difficulties and a great problem in access to information and communication technology resources by this group, requiring greater help from public and private institutions. The findings found show that it is necessary to provide greater access to technologies by the public administration, while physical or motor disabilities should have greater importance in the scientific literature, since they are the least treated.

Abstract Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) is a shrub that grows in the arid zones of northern Mexico. This species is harvested for the purpose of extracting a wax that it produces in response to water stress. In order to authorize the harvesting of plants, it is necessary to estimate their biomass indirectly through predictive equations. The objective of this study was to generate allometric equations to estimate the biomass of candelilla based on morphometric variables. The work was carried out in the region of Aldama and Coyame del Sotol in northeastern Chihuahua, Mexico. A selective and destructive sampling of 198 individuals of candelilla was applied, which were obtained in ejidos with forest management programs in force. Four models and different combinations of biomass predictor variables were tested to fit the best equation. Variables were transformed to logarithmic scale. The Schumacher and Hall model was selected in the logarithmic form determined by the crown diameter and base diameter of the plant, since it exhibited the best statistical adjustments (R 2 adj =0.83), as well as by the root mean square of the error (RMSE=0.042), and the model parameters were significant (p<0.0001) in their correction of the regression assumptions. The equation thus obtained is reliable for estimating the biomass of candelilla in the northeastern state of Chihuahua, Mexico.

Resumen La candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) es un arbusto que crece en las zonas áridas del norte de México. Esta especie se cosecha para extraer una cera que produce como respuesta al estrés hídrico. Para autorizar la recolección de las plantas, es necesario realizar estimaciones indirectas mediante ecuaciones predictivas de su biomasa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue generar ecuaciones alométricas para estimar biomasa de candelilla a partir de variables morfométricas. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en la región de Aldama y Coyame del Sotol en el noreste de Chihuahua, México. Se aplicó un muestro selectivo y destructivo de 198 individuos de candelilla, los cuales se obtuvieron en ejidos con programas de manejo forestal vigente. Para ajustar la mejor ecuación se probaron cuatro modelos y diferentes combinaciones de variables predictoras de biomasa. Las variables se transformaron a escala logarítmica. Se seleccionó el modelo de Schumacher y Hall en la forma logarítmica con el uso del diámetro de copa y diámetro de la base de la planta, ya que fue el que presentó los mejores ajustes estadísticos (R 2 adj =0.83), la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME=0.042), y los parámetros del modelo fueron significativos (p<0.0001) en su corrección de los supuestos de regresión. La ecuación obtenida es confiable para estimar biomasa de candelilla en el noreste del estado de Chihuahua, México.

Resumen Introducción: Ha ocurrido superpropagación de COVID-19 cuando individuos sintomáticos sin uso de cubrebocas abordaron autobuses. Objetivo: Reportar el riesgo de superpropagación cuando individuos presintomáticos abordaron autobuses junto con pasajeros no vacunados, pero se mantuvieron intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de personal de salud transportado durante dos semanas en autobuses a un centro de vacunación contra COVID-19. Fue obligatorio llevar ventanas abiertas, uso correcto de cubrebocas y exclusión de personas con síntomas. La vigilancia prospectiva identificó a trabajadores con COVID-19 los 14 días siguientes a la vacunación. Cada pasajero asintomático de autobuses donde se detectaron casos fue vigilado durante un periodo similar. Los resultados de tamizaje voluntario estuvieron disponibles para los trabajadores que se realizaron prueba el mes previo o el siguiente a la vacunación. Resultados: 1879 trabajadores abordaron 65 autobuses. El tiempo a bordo varió de tres a ocho horas. Veintinueve casos de COVID-19 y cuatro casos asintomáticos fueron identificados entre 613 pasajeros de 21 autobuses. La mediana de tiempo entre la vacunación y el inicio de síntomas de COVID-19 fue de seis días. Fue identificado un caso de transmisión sospechada en autobús. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas estrictas redujeron sustancialmente el riesgo de superpropagación de COVID-19 en autobuses ocupados por individuos presintomáticos.

Abstract Introduction: COVID-19 superspreader events have occurred when symptomatic individuals without wearing face masks boarded buses. Objective: To report the risk of superspreader events when presymptomatic individuals boarded buses together with unvaccinated passengers, but with non-pharmacological preventive interventions being maintained. Methods: Prospective study of health personnel transported in buses to a COVID-19 vaccination center for two weeks. Open windows, correct use of face masks and exclusion of symptomatic individuals were mandatory. Prospective surveillance identified workers with COVID-19 within 14 days after vaccination. Each asymptomatic passenger of buses where cases were identified was monitored for a similar time period. Voluntary screening results were available for workers who were tested in the month before or after vaccination. Results: 1,879 workers boarded 65 buses. On-board time ranged from three to eight hours. Twenty-nine cases of COVID-19 and four asymptomatic cases were identified among 613 passengers of 21 buses. Median time between vaccination and COVID-19 symptoms onset was six days. One case of suspected transmission on a bus was identified. Conclusions: Strict nonpharmacological preventive interventions substantially reduced the risk of COVID-19 superspreader events in buses boarded by presymptomatic individuals.

ABSTRACT Background: Relatively low SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates have been reported in vaccinated individuals, but updates considering the Omicron variant are lacking. Objective: The objective of the study was to provide a current estimate of the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate in a highly immunized population. Methods: A prospective cohort of Mexican hospital workers was followed (March 2020-February 2022). Reinfection was defined as the occurrence of two or more episodes of COVID-19 separated by a period of ≥ 90 days without symptoms. The reinfection rate was calculated as the number of reinfection episodes per 100,000 persons per day. Results: A total of 3732 medical consultations were provided to 2700 workers, of whom 1388 (51.4%) were confirmed COVID-19 cases. A total of 73 reinfection cases were identified, of whom 71 (97.3%) had completed their primary vaccination series and 22 (30.1%) had had a booster dose before the second episode. The overall reinfection rate was 23.1 per 100,000 persons per day (as compared to a rate of 1.9 per 100,000 persons per day before the Omicron wave). Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate rose significantly during the Omicron wave despite a high primary vaccination coverage rate. Almost one-third of reinfected workers had a vaccine booster ≥ 14 days before the last COVID-19 episode.

RESUMEN La ocurrencia de casos de cálculos urinarios considerados como gigantes ha disminuido sensiblemente en su frecuencia desde el advenimiento de los antibióticos y el control apropiado de las infecciones urinarias. El diagnóstico de los mismos se da por sintomatología y estudios de imágenes. Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 59 años de edad con litiasis vesical gigante recurrente. El paciente fue diagnosticado de dos litiasis de origen vesical tras realización de una tomografía axial computarizada del aparato urinario y posteriormente se le realizó una cistolitotomía para extracción de los cálculos de hasta 1435 g. El análisis morfoconstitucional de los cálculos reveló a la Brushita, Carbapatita y Estruvita como componentes principales. La evaluación metabólica señaló presencia de hipocitraturia e hiperoxaluria. Es el primer reporte en el país acerca de una litiasis gigante en que la composición de los cálculos indicaría procesos infecciosos como posibles causas de formación.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of cases of urinary stones considered as giant has decreased significantly in its frequency since the advent of antibiotics and the appropriate control of urinary tract infections. The diagnosis of them is based on symptomatology and imaging studies. We present a case of a 59-year-old man with recurrent giant bladder stones. The patient was diagnosed with two vesical stones after performing a computerized axial tomography of the urinary system and later a cystolithotomy was performed to remove stones of up to 1,435 g. The morphoconstitutional analysis of the calculus revealed brushite, carbapatite and struvite as main components. The metabolic evaluation indicated the presence of hypocitraturia and hyperoxaluria.This is the first report in the country of a giant lithiasis in which the composition of the stones would indicate infectious processes as the possible causes of formation.

Abstract: Aortic balloon valvuloplasty (ABV) is a palliative procedure or a bridge to percutaneous or surgical aortic valve replacement. Our group proposes a minimalist approach that reduces the use of resources and also stands out for using larger balloons. Aim: To assess the safety and the immediate results of patients undergoing aortic balloon valvuloplasty using a minimally invasive procedure. Methods: All patients who underwent ballon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) between July 2012 and Au- gust 2019 were included. The procedure was performed under conscious sedation using a single femoral access and without the installation of a temporary pacemaker. Success was defined as a 50% drop in the mean aortic gradient plus the absence of major complications. Results: 52 procedures in 49 patients were performed; the average age was 76 ± 9,9 years. A third of patients included had a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and a similar proportion had a high risk profile with an STS score> 10 points. A 28 mm balloon was used in 84.6% of cases. The procedure was successful in 94,2% of cases. There were 2 (3,85%) intraoperative deaths in very high-risk patients and 2 (3,85%) major vascular complications. The survival rate at late follow up was 32,7%. Conclusion: Aortic balloon valvuloplasty with a minimally invasive technique using larger than usual balloons is a safe technique that achieves optimal hemodynamic results.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La valvuloplastía aórtica es un procedimiento paliativo o como puente al reemplazo aórtico percutáneo o quirúrgico. Nuestro abordaje incluye una técnica minimalista y la utilización de balones de mayor tamaño que lo estándar. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínicos inmediatos y alejados de pacientes tratados mediante esta técnica modificada. Métodos: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a balonplastía aórtica entre Julio del 2012 y Agosto del 2019 en nuestro centro. El procedimiento se realizó bajo sedación consciente mediante un único acceso femoral y sin instalación de un marcapasos transitorio. El éxito de la intervención se definió como caída de gradiente basal en 50% o más en ausencia de complicación mayor. Resultados: Se realizaron un total de 52 procedimientos en 49 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 76 ± 9,9 años. Un tercio de los pacientes tenía una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo ≤35% y similar proporción tenía un perfil de riesgo STS score > 10 puntos. La duración total promedio fue de 31,1 + 10,0 min. Se utilizó un balón #28 en el 84.6% de los casos. El éxito del procedimiento se alcanzó en 94,2% de los casos. Ocurrieron 2 muertes intraoperatorias (3,9%), ambas en pacientes de muy alto riesgo y 2 (3,9%) complicaciones vasculares mayores. La sobreviva en el seguimiento alejado fue 32,7%. Conclusión: La valvuloplastía aórtica percutánea con técnica modificada, utilizando balones de mayor tamaño que lo habitual, es una técnica segura que logra óptimos resultados hemodinámicos.

Abstract: Soccer is a very popular sport; it is a fine subject of study given the large amount of data it generates. This article presents a model that through Machine Learning algorithms predicts the victory or defeat of a soccer team, based on the number of goals scored. This model applies four machine learning classifiers: Linear Regression, Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes and Decision Trees. The proposal is supported with data from the Mexican football league from 2012 to March 2020, the study has been divided into two sections: in the first draws are considered and in the second aren’t, with the purpose of discovering the influence of draw in analysis. With the proposal model accuracy in the range of 81% to 84% was achieved without draws and considering ties the accuracy was in the range of 72% to 75%.