A gravidez afeta tanto o metabolismo materno quanto o fetal e, mesmo em mulheres não diabéticas, apresenta um efeito diabetogênico. Entre as mulheres grávidas, 2% a 14% desenvolvem o diabetes gestacional. A gravidez pode ocorrer também em mulheres já diabéticas, o que pode predispor o feto a muitas alterações na organogênese, restrição de crescimento e a mãe a algumas complicações relacionadas ao diabetes, tais como retinopatia e nefropatia, ou acelerar o curso dessas complicações se já estiverem presentes. Pacientes com diabetes gestacional geralmente iniciam seu tratamento com dieta e mudanças no estilo de vida; porém, quando essas medidas falham em atingir um controle glicêmico adequado, a insulinoterapia deve ser considerada. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais são aconselhadas a iniciar o uso de insulina. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 preexistente devem iniciar um controle glicêmico estrito. Em função do fato de os análogos basais de insulina estarem sendo utilizados muito frequentemente off-label em pacientes grávidas, faz-se necessário avaliar sua segurança e eficácia nessa condição. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar o uso de tais análogos, tanto de ação curta como prolongada, durante a gravidez, para possibilitar médicos clínicos, obstetras e endocrinologistas escolher o melhor regime terapêutico para suas pacientes.

Pregnancy affects both maternal and fetal metabolism, and even in non-diabetic women, it exerts a diabetogenic effect. Among pregnant women, 2% to 14% develop gestational diabetes. Pregnancy can also occur in women with preexisting diabetes, which may predispose the fetus to many alterations in organogenesis, restrict growth, and the mother, to some diabetes-related complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, or to acceleration of the course of these complications, if they are already present. Women with gestational diabetes generally start their treatment with diet and lifestyle changes; when these changes are not enough for optimal glycemic control, insulin therapy must then be considered. Women with type 2 diabetes using oral hypoglycemic agents are advised to change to insulin therapy. Those with preexisting type 1 diabetes should start intensive glycemic control. As basal insulin analogues have frequently been used off-label in pregnant women, there is a need to evaluate their safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to report the use of both short- and long-acting insulin analogues during pregnancy and to enable clinicians, obstetricians, and endocrinologists to choose the best insulin treatment for their patients.

OBJECTIVE: An awareness of the repeatability of biological measures is required to properly design and calculate sample sizes for longitudinal interventional studies. We investigated the day-to-day repeatability of measures of systemic microvascular reactivity using laser Doppler perfusion monitoring. METHODS: We performed laser Doppler perfusion monitoring in combination with skin iontophoresis using acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside as well as post-occlusive reactive and thermal hyperemia twice within two weeks. The repeatability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviations, limits of agreement, typical errors and intra-class correlation coefficients between days 1 and 2. The ratio of the within-subject standard deviation to the mean values obtained on days 1 and 2 (within-subject standard deviation/GM) was used to determine the condition with the best repeatability. RESULTS: Twenty-four healthy subjects, aged 24.6 + 3.8 years, were recruited. The area under the curve of the vasodilatory response to post-occlusive reactivity showed marked variability (within-subject standard deviation/GM = 0.83), while the area under the curve for acetylcholine exhibited less variability (within-subject standard deviation/ GM = 0.52) and was comparable to the responses to sodium nitroprusside and thermal treatment (within-subject standard deviations/GM of 0.67 and 0.56, respectively). The area under the blood flow/time curve for vasodilation during acetylcholine administration required the smallest sample sizes, the area under the blood flow/time curve during post-occlusive reactivity required the largest sample sizes, and the area under the blood flow/time curves of vasodilation induced by sodium nitroprusside and thermal treatment required intermediate sizes. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the importance of random error related to the day-to-day repeatability of laser Doppler perfusion monitoring, we propose an original and robust statistical methodology for use in designing prospective clinical studies.

Com o objetivo de analisar as concentrações plasmáticas de SHBG, dos esteróides sexuais, perfil glicídico, lipídico e suas relações com variáveis clínicas, demográficas e medidas antropométricas, estudamos um grupo de 80 mulheres na pós-menopausa, 40 com diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2, com idade de 64,9±7,1 anos e duração conhecida do diabetes de 13,4±1,4 anos e 40 não diabéticas com idade de ól±8,9 anos. Foram analisados: idade, índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), cintura, pressão arterial sistólica (PAs) e diastólica (PAd). As mulheres diabéticas apresentaram maior freqüência de distribuição andróide de gordura (75% vs. 50%, p= 0,03), maior PAs (p= 0,01), maior testosterona total (p= 0,003), índice de testosterona livre (p= 0,002) e índice de resistência insulínica (IRI) (p= 0,000) do que as mulheres não diabéticas. As não diabéticas com distribuição andróide de gordura apresentaram menores níveis de SHBG do que aquelas com distribuição ginecóide (p= 0,008). No grupo com IMC > ou = 30kg/m2 e no grupo com cintura > ou = 88cm, as mulheres diabéticas apresentaram maior testosterona total e índice de testosterona livre do que as mulheres não diabéticas. As não diabéticas com distribuição andróide de gordura apresentaram maior índice de testosterona livre do que aquelas com distribuição ginecóide (p= 0,01). As diabéticas com distribuição andróide apresentaram maiores níveis de estradiol do que aquelas com distribuição ginecóide (p= 0,02). Em conclusão, mulheres diabéticas apresentaram maior freqüência de distribuição abdominal de gordura, estando associada à maiores concentrações de testosterona total, índice de testosterona livre e estradiol e menores concentrações de SHBG. Estes dados sugerem que o hiperandrogenismo com diminuição de SHBG, possam ser indicadores da síndrome de resistência insulínica, e poderiam, de alguma forma, agravar o grau de resistência nestes pacientes.

In order to investigate the relationship between plasma leveis of SHBG, sex steroids and glucose metabolism, lipid profile, anthropometric measurements, clinical and demographic variables, we studied a group of 80 post-menopausal women, 40 with type 2 diabetes (DM2) aged 64.9±7.1 and with known DM duration of 13.4± 1.4 years and 40 non-diabetic aged 61 ±8.9. We analyzed: age, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist, systolic (sBP) and diastolic blood pressure (dBP). Diabetic women had higher frequency of android adiposity (75% vs. 50%, p= 0.03), higher sBP (p= 0.01), higher total testosterone (p= 0.003), free testosterone index (p= 0.02) and insulin resistance index (IRI) (p= 0.000) than non-diabetic women. Non-diabetics with android adiposity had lower levels of SHBG than those with ginecoid adiposity (p= 0.008). In the group with BMI > or = 30kg/m2 and in the group with waist > or = 88cm diabetic women had higher total testosterone and free testosterone index than non-diabetic women. Non-diabetics with android adiposity had higher free testosterone index than those with ginecoid adiposity (p= 0.01). Diabetic women with android adiposity had higher estradiol than those with ginecoid adiposity (p= 0.02). In conclusion, diabetic women had higher frequency of android adiposity, associated with high total testosterone, free testosterone index and estradiol and low levels of SHBG. These results suggest that hyperandrogenism with low SHBG could be indicators of the insulin resistance syndrome, and could somehow increase the insulin resistance in these subjects.