Resumo Fundamento O maior risco de se desenvolver diabetes com o uso de estatinas é um desafio para a segurança do uso dessa classe de medicamentos em longo prazo. No entanto, poucos estudos analisaram essa questão durante síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Objetivos Investigar a associação entre início precoce da terapia com estatina e níveis de glicemia em pacientes admitidos com SCA. Métodos Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados por SCA. Pacientes que nunca haviam usado estatinas foram incluídos e divididos segundo uso ou não de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. O desfecho primário foi a incidência de hiperglicemia na internação (definida como pico de glicemia > 200mg/dL). Modelos de regressão logística e modelos lineares multivariados foram usados para ajuste quanto a fatores de confusão e um modelo de pareamento por escore de propensão foi desenvolvido para comparações entre os dois grupos de interesses. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Um total de 2357 pacientes foram incluídos, 1704 deles alocados no grupo que receberam estatinas e 653 no grupo que não receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. Após os ajustes, uso de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas foi associado com uma menor incidência de hiperglicemia durante a internação (OR ajustado = 0,61, IC95% 0,46-0,80; p < 0,001) e menor necessidade de uso de insulina (OR ajustado = 0,56, IC 95% 0,41-0,76; p < 0,001). Essas associações mantiveram-se similares nos modelos de pareamento por escore de propensão, bem como após análises de sensibilidade, como exclusão de pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiogênico, infecção grave ou pacientes que foram a óbito durante a internação hospitalar. Conclusões Entre os pacientes internados com SCA que não receberam estatinas previamente, a terapia precoce com estatina associou-se independentemente com menor incidência de hiperglicemia durante a internação. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)

Abstract Background Increased risk of new-onset diabetes with statins challenges the long-term safety of this drug class. However, few reports have analyzed this issue during acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Objective To explore the association between early initiation of statin therapy and blood glucose levels in patients admitted with ACS. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with ACS. Statin-naïve patients were included and divided according to their use or not of statins within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. The primary endpoint was incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (defined as peak blood glucose > 200 mg/dL). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounders, and a propensity-score matching model was developed to further compare both groups of interest. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 2,357 patients were included, 1,704 of them allocated in the statin group and 653 in the non-statin group. After adjustments, statin use in the first 24 hours was associated with a lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (adjusted OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80; p < 0.001) and lower need for insulin therapy (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.76; p < 0.001). These associations remained similar in the propensity-score matching models, as well as after several sensitivity analyses, such as after excluding patients who developed cardiogenic shock, severe infection or who died during index-hospitalization. Conclusions Among statin-naïve patients admitted with ACS, early statin therapy was independently associated with lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)

OBJECTIVES: Returning to work after an episode of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is challenging for many patients, and has both personal and social impacts. There are limited data regarding the working status in the very long-term after ACS. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1,632 patients who were working prior to hospitalization for ACS in a quaternary hospital and were followed-up for up to 17 years. Adjusted models were developed to analyze the variables independently associated with actively working at the last contact, and a prognostic predictive index for not working at follow-up was developed. RESULTS: The following variables were significantly and independently associated with actively working at the last contact: age>median (hazard-ratio [HR], 0.76, p<0.001); male sex (HR, 1.52, p<0.001); government health insurance (HR, 1.36, p<0.001); history of angina (HR, 0.69, p<0.001) or myocardial infarction (MI) (HR, 0.76, p=0.005); smoking (HR, 0.81, p=0.015); ST-elevation MI (HR, 0.81, p=0.021); anterior-wall MI (HR, 0.75, p=0.001); non-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (HR, 0.77, p=0.002); fibrinolysis (HR, 0.61, p<0.001); cardiogenic shock (HR, 0.60, p=0.023); statin (HR, 3.01, p<0.001), beta-blocker (HR, 1.26, p=0.020), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) (HR, 1.37, p=0.001) at hospital discharge; and MI at follow-up (HR, 0.72, p=0.001). The probability of not working at the last contact ranged from 24.2% for patients with no variables, up to 80% for patients with six or more variables. CONCLUSIONS: In patients discharged after ACS, prior and in-hospital clinical variables, as well as the quality of care at discharge, have a great impact on the long-term probability of actively working.

INTRODUCTION: In elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, very little is known about the role of surgical myocardial revascularization and percutaneous coronary intervention (invasive therapies - IT), especially in the context of long-term outcomes after hospital discharge. METHODS: We analyzed 1588 patients with MI who had been included prospectively in a databank and followed for up to 7.5 years. In this population, 548 patients were >70 years old (elderly group - EG), and 1040 were <70 years of age (younger group - YG); 1088 underwent IT during hospitalization, and the remaining 500 were treated medically (conservative therapy - CT). Patients were monitored either by visit or by phone at least once a year. A standard questionnaire was administered to all patients. The impact of IT was analyzed with both non-adjusted and adjusted models. RESULTS: By the end of the follow-up period, the survival rates for the IT and CT groups were, respectively, 71.9% versus 47.2% in the global population (hazard ratio=0.55, P<0.001), 81.5% versus 66.6% in the YG (hazard ratio=0.68, P=0.018) and 48.8% versus 20.3% in the EG (hazard ratio=0.58, P<0.001). In the adjusted models, the hazard ratios were 0.62 (P<0.001) in the global population, 0.74 in the YG (P=0.073) and 0.64 (P=0.001) in the EG. CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up of patients with myocardial infarction revealed that IT during the in-hospital phase was at least as effective in elderly patients as in younger patients.

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos prévios demonstraram que a leucocitose e a hiperglicemia verificadas à admissão de pacientes com IAM (infarto agudo do miocárdio), estão correlacionadas com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Entretanto, pouco é sabido sobre o impacto desses marcadores a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a curto e longo prazos, a influência dos níveis de glicose e leucócitos no prognóstico de pacientes com IAM. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 809 pacientes (idade média 63,2 ± 12,87 anos) com IAM, incluídos de forma prospectiva e consecutiva em banco de dados específico. RESULTADOS: a) Na fase intra-hospitalar os valores médios aferidos foram comparados entre pacientes que morreram ou sobreviveram: Leucocitose 12156±5977 vs 10337±3528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); Glicose 176±105 mg/dl vs 140±72 mg/dl (p<0.001, 95% IC= 19.4 - 52.6), respectivamente. b) No modo ajustado, o mesmo padrão foi verificado [valores de p: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectivamente]. c) Seguimento a longo prazo: a análise univariada revelou valores de P de 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), <0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectivamente. Pela análise multivariada; P=0.001 (t-ratio 3,35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1,75), respectivamente. d) Após exclusão das mortes intra-hospitalares, os níveis leucocitários (P=0.989) e a glicemia (P=0.144) não permaneceram correlacionadas significativamente com mortalidade. O mesmo resultado foi verificado na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÃO: Níveis de leucócitos e glicemia à admissão de pacientes com IAM são excelentes preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e pobres preditores de óbitos a longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that leukocytosis and hyperglycemia verified at the admission of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are associated with intrahospital mortality. However, little is known on the long-term impact of these markers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-and long-term influence of the levels of glucose and leukocytes on the prognosis of patients with AMI. METHODS: A total of 809 patients with AMI were retrospectively assessed (mean age: 63.2 ± 12.87 yrs) and prospectively and consecutively included in a specific database. RESULTS: a) At the intrahospital phase, the mean values were compared between patients that died and those who survived: Leukocytosis: 12156±5977 vs 10337±3528 (p=0.004, 95%CI = 976-2663); Glucose 176±105 mg/dl vs 140±72 mg/dl (p<0.001, 95%CI = 19.4 - 52.6), respectively. b) With the adjusted mode, the same pattern was observed [p values: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectively]. c) Long-term follow-up: the univariate analysis showed P values of 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), <0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed P=0.001 (t-ratio 3.35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1.75), respectively. (d) After the exclusion of the intrahospital deaths, the leukocyte (P=0.989) and glucose levels (P=0.144) did not remain significantly correlated with mortality. The same result was observed at the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The levels of glucose and leukocytes at the hospital admission of patients with AMI are excellent predictors of intrahospital mortality and poor predictors of long-term death.

FUNDAMENTO: Estudios previos demostraron que tanto la leucocitosis como la hiperglucemia verificadas cuando de la admisión de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), están correlacionadas con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca del impacto de esos marcadores a largo plazo. OBJETIVO: Evaluar, a corto y largo plazos, la influencia de los niveles de glucosa y leucocitos en el pronóstico de pacientes con IAM. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron, retrospectivamente, a 809 pacientes (edad promedio 63,2 ± 12,87 años) con IAM, incluidos de forma prospectiva y consecutiva en banco de datos específico. RESULTADOS: a) En la fase intrahospitalaria se compararon los valores promedio obtenidos entre pacientes que murieron o supervivieron: leucocitosis 12.156±5.977 vs 10.337±3.528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); glucosa 176±105 mg/dl vs 140±72 mg/dl (p<0.001, 95% IC= 19.4 - 52.6), respectivamente. b) En el modo ajustado, se verificó el mismo estándar [valores de p: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectivamente]. c) Seguimiento a largo plazo: el análisis univariado reveló valores de P de 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), <0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectivamente. Ya el análisis multivariado: P=0.001 (t-ratio 3,35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1,75), respectivamente. d) Tras la exclusión de las muertes intrahospitalarias, los niveles leucocitarios (P=0.989) y la glucemia (P=0.144) no permanecieron correlacionadas significativamente con la mortalidad. Igual resultado se verificó en el análisis multivariado. CONCLUSIÓN: Los niveles de leucocitos y glucemia al ingreso de pacientes con IAM resultan excelentes predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, y pobres predictores de óbitos a largo plazo.