Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do digluconato de clorexidina 2% (CHX) na resistência de união à microtração (µTBS) entre um sistema adesivo e sob 3 condições de dentina. Para tanto, este estudo avaliou a interface adesiva no início, após 6 meses e 1 ano de armazenamento. Quarenta e oito terceiros molares humanos foram preparados e divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, de acordo com os substratos dentinários: dentina hígida (Dh), dentina infectada por cárie (Di) e dentina afetada por cárie (Da). Os grupos foram subdivididos em dois de acordo com o pré-tratamento: aplicação de CHX 2% ou sem pré-tratamento (controle). As superfícies da dentina foram condicionadas com gel de ácido fosfórico a 35%, em seguida, utilizou-se o sistema adesivo Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Posteriormente, os corpos-de-prova foram armazenados em água deionizada a 37°C por 24h, 6 meses e 1 ano. Dois dentes adicionais foram usados para analisar as interfaces de união no MEV. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA três fatores em esquema de parcela subdividida e ao teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostram que a Di diminuiu os valores de µTBS quando comparado as Da e Dh, independente do tempo de armazenamento ou tratamento. Amostras armazenadas por 6 meses e 1 ano diminuíram a µTBS para o grupo de controle, mas nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre o tempo de armazenamento para o grupo CHX. A aplicação de CHX 2% após o condicionamento apresentou melhora na resistência de união à dentina no tempo de armazenamento, independente dos substratos avaliados.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) between an adhesive system and under 3 dentin conditions. For that, this study evaluated the adhesive interface at initial, after 6 months and 1 year of storage. Forty-eight human third molars were prepared and randomly divided into 3 groups, according to dentin substrates: sound dentin (Sd), caries-infected dentin (Ci) and caries-affected dentin (Ca). The groups were subdivided into two according to the dentin pre-treatment: application of 2% CHX or without pre-treatment (control). The dentin surfaces were etched with 35% phosphoric acid gel and bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) adhesive system according to manufacturer’s instructions. Subsequently, the specimens were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 24h, 6 months and 1 year. Two additional teeth were used to analyze the bonding interfaces by SEM. Data was submitted to three-way ANOVA in a split plot design and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The results showed that Ci decreased µTBS values when compared to Ca and Sd, regardless storages time or treatment. Stored samples for 6 months and 1 year decreased the µTBS for the control group, but no difference was found between storages time for the CHX group. As a conclusion, the 2% CHX application after etching showed improved dentin bond strength in the storage time, regardless of the substrates evaluated.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a influência de um preparo retentivo em forma de ombro para prevenir a falha precoce de núcleos de preenchimento realizados em molares com 3 diferentes tipos de resina composta. Noventa e seis terceiros molares superiores hígidos extraídos de humanos, foram divididos em dois grupos (n=48) de acordo com o tipo de redução oclusal: em todas as cúspides (total) ou nas cúspides vestibulares (parcial). Os grupos foram divididos em dois subgrupos: núcleos retidos a pinos e não retidos a pinos, resultando em quatro grupos (n=24): redução oclusal total/retido a pino, redução oclusal parcial/retido a pino, redução oclusal total/não retido a pino, redução oclusal parcial/não retido a pino. A redução oclusal foi de 3 mm com um ombro retentivo semilunar de 3 mm e uma altura de parede axial de 1,5 mm. Os grupos foram restaurados utilizando resina composta microhíbrida, fluível ou reforçada com titânio. Foram confeccionadas coroas provisórias de resina acrílica autopolimerizável modificada, cimentadas com cimento provisório sem eugenol e termocicladas. Uma máquina universal de ensaios foi utilizada para tracionar as coroas provisórias paralelamente ao longo eixo do dente até o seu deslocamento. Análise de variância de 3 fatores foi aplicada para avaliar o efeito dos fatores na retenção do núcleo. Noventa e três núcleos de preenchimento permaneceram retidos sob a carga de tração, enquanto três núcleos de preenchimento sem pinos foram deslocados. A análise de variância não mostrou diferença significante entre os núcleos de preenchimento com desenho retentivo e os núcleos de preenchimento retidos a pinos. Com o advento dos sistemas adesivos, o aumento da área de superfície e o desenho retentivo dos ombros podem fornecer um preparo retentivo para evitar falhas precoces nos núcleos de preenchimento durante a fabricação de restaurações indiretas, o que contribuirá para a longevidade das restaurações finais.

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of a retentive shoulder design to prevent early failure of three resin composite build-ups on molars. Ninety-six intact extracted human maxillary third molars were assigned to two groups (n=48) based on occlusal, buccal cusps only and all cusps reduction. The groups were divided into two subgroups: pin retained and non-pin retained build-ups resulting in four groups (n=24), according the cusps reduction: pin retained/partial, pin retained/complete, non-pin retained/partial, non-pin retained/complete. Occlusal reduction was 3 mm with a semi-lunar retentive shoulder of 3 mm and an axial wall height of 1.5 mm. Groups were restored using a microhybrid, flowable or titanium reinforced resin composite. Modified self-curing acrylic resin provisional crowns were fabricated, cemented with non-eugenol temporary cement and thermal cycled. An instron machine applied tension to the provisional crowns parallel to the long axis of the tooth until dislodgement. A three-way analysis of variance was conducted on the influence of the variables on the retention of the core build-up. Ninety-three build-ups were retained under tensile load, while three core build-ups without pins were dislodged. Three-way analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference between core build-ups using a retentive shoulder and pin retained core build-ups when tested under tensile load. With the advent of adhesive systems, increased surface area and retentive shoulder design can provide a retentive core foundation to prevent early failures of core build-ups during indirect restoration fabrication which will contribute to the longevity of final restorations.

Resumo O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à microtração (RUµT) de um sistema adesivo convencional (Adper Single Bond 2 - SB) em diferentes substratos dentinários e períodos de armazenagem. Vinte e quatro blocos de dentina foram obtidos de terceiros molares hígidos e separados aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=8): dentina sadia (Ds), dentina afetada (Da) e dentina infectada (Di). A Da e a Di foram submetidas ao desenvolvimento biológico artificial de cárie (S. mutans). O tecido cariado amolecido foi removido usando broca esférica sob inspeção visual com a solução Caries Detector (grupo Da). Considerou-se como Di a dentina amolecida e fortemente pigmentada de vermelho e como Da, a dentina hígida e levemente pigmentada de vermelho. O sistema adesivo SB foi aplicado de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante e blocos da resina composta Z350 foram construídos (6 mm de altura). O conjunto (dente/bloco de resina) foi armazenado em água deionizada por 24 horas a 37 °C. Estes foram seccionados em palitos (1,0 mm2 de área), que foram separados aleatoriamente em 3 períodos de armazenagem: 24 horas, 6 meses e 1 ano. Os palitos foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência de união à microtração na máquina EZ teste a uma velocidade de 1,0 mm/min. Dados de RUµT foram submetidos à Análise de Variância 2 fatores em esquema de parcela subdividida e ao teste de Tukey (a=0,05). Os valores de resistência (MPa) da Ds (41,2) foram significativamente maiores do que os da Da (32,4) e Di (27,2), independente do tempo de armazenagem. Di e Da, 6 meses e 1ano, apresentaram valores similares de resistência de união. As falhas adesivas e mistas foram predominantes para todos os grupos. Em conclusão, os maiores valores de RUµT (48,1±9,1) foram verificados para a Ds e 24 h de armazenagem. A armazenagem diminuiu os valores de RUµT para todas as condições.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the μTBS in different dentin substrates and water-storage periods. Twenty-four dentin blocks obtained from sound third molars were randomly divided into 3 groups: Sound dentin (Sd), Caries-affected dentin (Ca) and Caries-infected dentin (Ci). Dentin blocks from Ca and Ci groups were subjected to artificial caries development (S. mutans biofilm). The softest carious tissue was removed using spherical drills under visual inspection with Caries Detector solution (Ca group). It was considered as Ci (softer and deeply red stained dentin) and Ca (harder and slightly red stained dentin). The Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive system was applied and Z350 composite blocks were built in all groups. Teeth were stored in deionized water for 24 h at 37 ºC and sectioned into beams (1.0 mm2 section area). The beams from each tooth were randomly divided into three storages periods: 24 h, 6 months or 1 year. Specimens were submitted to µTBS using EZ test machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Failure mode was examined by SEM. Data from µTBS were submitted to split plot two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests (a=0.05). The µTBS (MPa) of Sd (41.2) was significantly higher than Ca (32.4) and Ci (27.2), regardless of storage. Ca and Ci after 6 months and 1 year, presented similar µTBS. Mixed and adhesive failures predominated in all groups. The highest µTBS values (48.1±9.1) were found for Sd at 24 h storage. Storage of specimens decreased the µTBS values for all conditions.

Since bacteria remain in the dentin following caries removal, restorative materials with antibacterial properties are desirable to help maintaining the residual microorganisms inactive. The adhesive system Clearfil Protect Bond (PB) contains the antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB) in its primer, which has shown antimicrobial activity. However, its bactericidal effect against biofilm on the dentin has been little investigated. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and viable bacteria counting (CFU) the MDPB bactericidal effect against S. mutans biofilm on the dentin surface. Material and methods: Bovine dentin surfaces were obtained and subjected to S. mutans biofilm formation in BHI broth supplemented with 1% (w/v) sucrose for 18 h. Samples were divided into three groups, according to the primer application (n=3): Clearfil Protect Bond (PB), Clearfil SE Bond, which does not contain MDPB, (SE) and saline (control group). After the biofilm formation, Live/ Dead stain was applied directly to the surface of each sample. Next, 10 µL of each primer were applied on the samples during 590 s for the real-time CLSM analysis. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. The primers and saline were also applied on the other dentin samples during 20, 90, 300 and 590 s (n=9 for each group and period evaluated) and the CFU were assessed by colonies counting. Results: The results of the CLSM showed that with the Se application, although non-viable bacteria were detected at 20 s, there was no increase in their count during 590 s. In contrast, after the PB application there was a gradual increase of non-viable bacteria over 590 s. Conclusions: The quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant decrease of S. mutans CFU at 90 s PB exposure and only after 300 s of Se application. Protect Bond showed an earlier antibacterial effect than Se Bond.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the root canal cleanliness and smear layer removal effectiveness of Aquatine Endodontic Cleanser (Aquatine EC) when used as an endodontic irrigating solution in comparison with 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five human teeth were randomly allocated to five treatment groups; the pulp chamber was accessed, cleaned, and shaped by using ProTaper and ProFile rotary instrumentation to an ISO size #40. The teeth were then processed for scanning electron microscopy, and the root canal cleanliness and removal of smear layer were examined. RESULTS: The most effective removal of smear layer occurred with Aquatine EC and NaOCl, both with a rinse of EDTA. CONCLUSIONS: Aquatine EC appears to be the first hypochlorous acid approved by the FDA to be a possible alternative to the use of NaOCl as an intracanal irrigant. Further research is needed to identify safer and more effective alternatives to the use of NaOCl irrigation in endodontics.