Resumen Caries relacionada a radiación es una complicación tardía frecuente de la radioterapia de cáncer de cabeza y cuello, ocasionada por efectos directos e indirectos de la radioterapia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión y analizar literatura sobre el manejo de caries relacionada a radiación, materiales usados, fallas en el tratamiento y protocolo con mejores resultados; tres revisores independientes realizaron una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos: PubMed, Lilacs y Web Of Science, determinando criterios de inclusión y exclusión para la selección. Estudios clínicos y revisiones indicaron que los materiales más usados son cemento ionómero de vidrio convencional, cemento ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina y resina compuesta con aplicaciones de flúor. Son necesarios más estudios para definir el mejor tratamiento que incluya técnica de preparación de la cavidad y material restaurador con mejores resultados. Se recomienda realizar estudios comparando diferentes sistemas adhesivos, concentraciones de flúor y restauraciones en dentina radicular.

Abstract Radiation-related caries are a frequent late complication caused by the direct and indirect effects of head and neck cancer radiotherapy. This study aimed to review and analyze the literature on managing radiation-related caries, restorative materials, treatment failures, and treatment protocols. A search was conducted in Pubmed, Lilacs, and Web of Science by three independent reviewers, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for paper selection. According to clinical studies and literature reviews, the most used materials are conventional glass-ionomer cement, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, and composite resin with fluoride applications. More studies are needed to determine the best treatment, including cavity preparation technique and restorative material with better results. We suggest conducting studies comparing various adhesive systems, fluoride concentrations, and root dentin restorations.

Resumo Cárie relacionada à radiação é uma complicação tardia frequente da radioterapia de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, ocasionada por efeitos diretos e indiretos da radioterapia. O objetivo do presente trabalho é realizar uma revisão e analisar literatura sobre o tratamento de cárie relacionada à radiação, materiais usados, falhas no tratamento e manejo com melhores resultados; foi realizada uma busca em diferentes bases de dados: PubMed, Lilacs e Web Of Science, por três revisores independentes, usando critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Estudos clínicos e revisões de literatura indicam que os materiais mais usados são cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional, cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado com resina e resina composta com aplicações de flúor. Mais estudos são necessários para definir o melhor tratamento que inclua a técnica de preparo cavitário e material restaurador com melhores resultados. Recomenda-se a realização de estudos comparando diferentes sistemas adesivos, concentrações de flúor e restaurações em dentina radicular.

RESUMO: A interação com jogos digitais pode ter impacto sobre as funções executivas e oferecer contribuições à educação. Dentre as dimensões das funções executivas, destaca-se o controle inibitório e sua importância para o autocontrole, atenção seletiva, controle dos impulsos e adequação do comportamento. Diante disso, propôs-se intervenções no Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE), contando com o apoio da família para o uso de jogos digitais no contexto escolar com o propósito de exercitar as funções executivas. O objetivo foi avaliar as contribuições do uso dos jogos digitais como estratégia complementar no AEE, voltado a crianças que foram identificadas pelas professoras como tendo dificuldades no desempenho do controle inibitório. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo quase-experimental de abordagem mista com 8 crianças dividas em grupo participante e controle, as quais foram avaliadas pré e pós intervenções com base no desempenho em atividades lúdicas propostas e na aplicação de testes psicológicos. Os resultados indicaram, de modo geral, melhora superior no grupo participante quando comparado ao controle que não participou das intervenções com os jogos digitais. Nas atividades lúdicas, revelaram maior assertividade, controle das ações e desempenho. Nos testes, observou-se melhor desempenho ao compararem-se as intervenções pré e pós e os grupos em quatro dos cinco testes aplicados. Conclui-se que os jogos digitais podem ser recursos alternativos às intervenções que ocorrem no AEE para aprimorar as funções executivas e melhorar as condições para aprendizagem no contexto escolar.

ABSTRACT: Interaction with digital games can have an impact on executive functions and offer contributions to education. Among the dimensions of the executive functions, we highlight inhibitory control and its importance for self-control, selective attention, impulse control and behavioral adjustment. Therefore, interventions were proposed in the Specialized Educational Service (SES), with the support of the family for the use of digital games in the school context for the purpose of exercising executive functions. The objective was to evaluate the contributions of the use of digital games as a complementary strategy in SES, aimed at children who were identified by the teachers as having difficulties in the performance of the inhibitory control. For that, it was performed a quasi-experimental study of mixed approach with 8 children divided into a participant and control group, who were evaluated before and after interventions based on performance in proposed playful activities and psychological test application. The results indicated superior improvement in general, in the participant group when compared to the control group that did not participate in the interventions with the digital games. In the playful activities, they showed greater assertiveness, control of actions and performance. In the tests, it was observed better performance when comparing the pre and post interventions and the groups in four of the five tests applied. It is concluded that digital games can be used as an alternative intervention in SES to enhance executive functions and improve the conditions for learning in the school context.

Resumo Introdução No Brasil, o traumatismo dentário (TD) é considerado um problema de saúde pública. No entanto, poucos estudos na literatura relatam a prevalência de TD em pessoas com deficiência (PD). Objetivo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de TD em PD atendidas na Clínica de Pacientes Especiais da Universidade Católica de Brasília (COPE). Material e método Este estudo seguiu um delineamento descritivo e retrospectivo, e foi realizado por meio da análise de 73 prontuários de PD atendidas na COPE entre 2014 e 2016. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. O teste t foi utilizado entre as proporções para determinar se houve diferenças significativas entre as categorias das variáveis analisadas. O programa “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS), versão 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA) foi utilizado nas análises (p<0,05). Resultado Encontrou-se uma prevalência de TD de 33/73 (45,2%) entre os PD. A fratura predominante foi a do tipo coronária, com uma frequência de 26/33 (78,8%). A maioria dos pacientes tinha acima de 20 anos, com uma frequência de 63/73 (86,3%), significativamente maior do que as frequências das outras categorias (p < 0,008). Os pacientes da amostra apresentavam doenças variadas, sendo as mais prevalentes as das categorias mental, com frequência de 22/73 (30,1%), múltipla com 19/73 (26%), e sistêmica com 14/73 (19,2%). Conclusão Foi encontrada uma alta prevalência de TD em PD, sendo a maioria dos casos relacionados a doenças mentais e múltiplas. Futuras pesquisas são necessárias para avaliar a prevalência de TD nesse grupo de pacientes em todo o Distrito Federal.

Abstract Introduction In Brazil, dental trauma (DT) is considered a public health problem. However, few studies in the literature report the prevalence of DT in disabled persons (DP). Objective The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of DT among DP seen at the Dental Clinic for Special-Needs Patients (COPE) of the Catholic University of Brasília. Material and method A retrospective, descriptive study analyzing 73 medical charts of DP seen at the COPE between 2014 and 2016 was conducted. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected. The t-test was used to check for significant differences between the categories of the variables analyzed. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for all statistical analyses (p < 0.05). Result A DT prevalence of 33/73 (45.2%) was found among DP. The predominant type of fracture was crown fracture (26/33-78.8%). The majority of patients were over 20 years old (63/73 - 86.3%), at a proportion significantly higher than those for the other age categories (p < 0.008). The patients in the sample had a variety of diseases, predominantly in the following categories: mental (22/73- 30.1%), multiple (19/73-26%), and systemic (14/73-19.2%). Conclusion A high prevalence of DT was found in DP, with the majority of cases being related to mental and multiple diseases. Further research is needed to assess the prevalence of DT in this patient group throughout the Federal District.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a escolha do idioma e o número de citações, a partir da análise de revistas publicadas em inglês e em outras línguas. Foram selecionadas as revistas agrupadas no Journal Citation Reports de 2014 sob a categoria “ciências veterinárias”, bem como os dados registrados na Web of Science entre 1994 e 2013 sobre as revistas que declararam documentos publicados em outro idioma que não o inglês. A seguir, as revistas foram classificadas por quartil, extraindo-se informações acerca de: índice de impacto, idioma(s) declarado(s), país de origem, número total de documentos publicados, número total de revisões publicadas, porcentagem de documentos publicados em inglês e quartil em que cada jornal foi classificado. Dos 48.118 documentos editados por 28 revistas analisadas, 55,8% foram publicados em inglês. Interessantemente, apesar de a maioria dessas revistas se declarar multilíngue, a maior parte dos documentos publicados em revistas quartil 1 empregou o inglês (uma média de 99,2%), enquanto para as revistas quartil 2 esse índice foi de 93,1%, para quartil 3 foi de 62,1%, e para quartil 4 foi de 27,4%. A pesquisa também confirmou que a distribuição das citações nessas revistas foi altamente distorcida. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que as revistas deveriam adotar o inglês como idioma principal, o que faz aumentar o número de citações e o fator de impacto da revista.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between language and total number of citations found among documents in journals written in English and other languages. We selected all the journals clustered together in the Journal Citation Reports 2014 under the subject category “Veterinary Sciences” and downloaded all the data registered between 1994-2013 by Web of Science for the journals that stated publishing documents in languages other than English. We classified each of these journals by quartile and extracted information regarding their impact factor, language(s) stated, country of origin, total number of documents published, total number of reviews published, percentage of documents published in English and the quartile in which each journal ranked. Of the 48,118 documents published by the 28 journals analyzed, 55.8% were published in English. Interestingly, although most of the journals state being multi-language, most documents published in quartile 1 journals were in English (an average of 99.2%), while the percentage was 93.1% in quartile 2 journals, 62.1% in quartile 3 journals and 27.4% in quartile 4 journals. We also confirmed that citation distribution in these journals was highly skewed. The results of this study suggest that journals should consider adopting English as the main language as this will increase citation counts and the impact factor of the journal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of an application technique of a glass-fiber post using self-adhesive resin cements on the push-out bond strength and the presence of bubbles in the root thirds. The cements were either applied according to the manufacturer's instruction or using a commercial delivering system (Centrix), at which the cement pastes were collected and applied after manipulation. Material and Methods: Self-adhesive resin cements (RelyX U200/3M ESPE-U200; Maxcem Elite/Kerr-MAX; Clearfil SA Cement/Kuraray-CSA) and a conventional cement (RelyX ARC/3M ESPE-ARC) were used to cement a post and applied either based on the manufacturer's instructions or using a Centrix syringe to deliver the cements directly onto the post of choice, or directly into canal. The roots were scanned with a micro-computed tomography (μCT) and then sectioned into nine 1-mm thick slices for a push-out bond strength test. The μCT images showed the percentage of bubbles in the root thirds (cervical, medium, and apical). Data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA/Tukey (α=0.05). Results: Triple interaction was not significant (p>0.05). The interaction “material” vs “root third” was not significant. A significant interaction was observed between “material” vs “application technique” (p<0.05). For ARC, U200, and MAX, significantly lower percentages of bubbles were observed when the Centrix syringe delivered the cements. Equivalent percentages of voids were observed for CSA, irrespective of the application technique (p>0.05). Significantly higher bond strength was observed when the self-adhesive resin cements were applied using the Centrix delivery system, in comparison with the manufacturer's instructions (p<0.05). Bond strength varied with the root third: cervical>medium>apical (p<0.05). No correlations were found between the bond strength and voids. Conclusions: Bond strength and voids are negatively influenced by the conventional application technique for luting fiber posts. The delivery system (Centrix) seems to produce better results when cementing fiber posts.

Irradiation of blood components with ionizing radiation generated by a specific device is recommended to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. However, a lin- ear accelerator can also be used in the absence of such a device, which is the case of the blood bank facility studied herein. In order to evaluate the quality of the irradiated packed red blood cells, this study aimed to determine whether the procedure currently employed in the facility is effective in inhibiting the proliferation of T lymphocytes without damaging blood components. The proliferation of T lymphocytes, plasma potassium levels, and the degree of hemolysis were evaluated and compared to blood bags that received no irradiation. Packed red blood cell bags were irradiated at a dose of 25 Gy in a linear accelerator. For this purpose, a container was designed to hold the bags and to ensure even distribution of irradiation as evaluated by computed tomography and dose-volume histogram. Irradiation was observed to inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes. The percentage of hemolysis in irradiated bags was slightly higher than in non-irradiated bags (p-value >0.05), but it was always less than 0.4% of the red cell mass. Although potassium increased in both groups, it was more pronounced in irradiated red blood cells, especially after seven days of storage, with a linear increase over storage time. The findings showed that, at an appropriate dosage and under validated conditions, the irradiation of packed red blood cells in a linear accelerator is effective, inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation but without compromising the viability of the red cells.

O presente estudo in vitro avaliou a citotoxicidade direta dos sistemas adesivos convencionais, autocondicionantes e universais de acordo com o tempo de polimerização em cultura de fibroblastos. Discos de papel foram impregnados com adesivos e fotoativados (10, 20 e 40 s). Os discos foram posteriormente imersos em meio de cultura para obtenção dos eluatos dos grupos experimentais (A1-Single Bond 2; A2-Scotchbond Multi-purpose; A3-Clearfil SE Bond; A4 Scotchbond Universal). Para o controle negativo, os discos de papel foram imersos somente em meio de cultura. Após 24 h ou 7 dias, o eluato obtido foi aplicado na cultura de fibroblastos. O metabolismo celular, morfologia, dano de membrana e presença de monômeros residuais foram avaliados por teste de MTT, MEV, citometria de fluxo e HPLC, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Todos os sistemas adesivos reduziram significativamente o metabolismo celular em 33 a 51% quando comparados ao grupo controle, independente do tempo de polimerização, período de armazenamento e tipo de sistema adesivo. O eluato do adesivos causou ainda intensas alterações morfológicas e danos à membrana celular. A toxicidade foi diretamente relacionada à presença de monômeros residuais nos eluatos experimentais. Monômeros residuais e componentes adicionais dos sistemas adesivos foram capazes de reduzir a atividade mitocondrial, causar alterações morfológicas e danos à membrana citoplasmática de fibroblastos, independente do tempo de polimerização. Esse estudo evidencia que apesar de uma composição mais complexa do sistema adesivo universal, sua resposta biológica não apresentou maior toxicidade quando comparado aos demais sistemas, mesmo no menor tempo de polimerização quando testados em cultura celular.

This in vitro study evaluated in fibroblast cultures the direct cytotoxicity of universal, self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems according to the polymerization time. Paper discs were impregnated with adhesives and light-cured (10, 20 or 40 s). The discs were then immersed in culture medium to obtain the eluates for the experimental groups (A1-Single Bond 2; A2-Scotchbond Multi-purpose; A3-Clearfil SE Bond; A4 Scotchbond Universal). As a negative control, paper discs were immersed in culture medium only. After 24 h or 7 days, the eluate obtained was applied on fibroblast culture. Cell viability, cell morphology, membrane damage and the presence of residual monomers were evaluated by MTT assay, SEM, flow cytometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (=0.05). All adhesive systems significantly reduced 33-51% cell metabolism when compared to the negative control, regardless of polymerization time, storage period and adhesive system. Moreover, the adhesives caused intense morphological alterations and cell membrane damage. Toxicity was directly related to the presence of residual monomers in the eluates. Residual monomers and additional components are capable of reducing mitochondrial activity, causing morphological alterations and disruption of the cell membrane in fibroblasts, regardless of the polymerization time. This study highlights that despite the more complex composition of the universal adhesive system, its biological response was not more toxic when compared with other systems, even when the shortest polymerization time was tested in cell culture.

No início dos anos 1990, diante do aumento exponencial dos fluxos migratórios, a Itália proclama o Estado de emergência para lidar com o fenômeno, adotando leis cada vez mais restritivas de ingresso e permanência no país e edificando espaços de exceção para confinar imigrantes irregulares, refugiados e solicitantes de asilo. Após quase 20 anos, o Estado de emergência continua em vigor e os centros de detenção¹ se multiplicam diante dos acontecimentos decorrentes da Primavera Árabe. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como as medidas excepcionais tornaram-se a regra na Itália e qual o impacto da existência destes espaços de exceção para a convivência civil.

In the early 1990s, in front of the exponential increase of migratory flows, Italy declares state of emergency to deal with the phenomenon, adopting increasingly restrictive laws to enter and remain in the country and building spaces of exception to confine irregular migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. After nearly 20 years, the state of emergency is still in force and detention centers are mushrooming on the events resulting from the Arab Spring. The purpose of this article is to analyze how exceptional measures have become the rule in Italy and the impact of the existence of these spaces of exception for civil coexistence.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of solvent evaporation in the kinetics of water diffusion (water sorption-WS, solubility-SL, and net water uptake) and nanoleakage of adhesive systems. Material and Methods: Disk-shaped specimens (5.0 mm in diameter x 0.8 mm in thickness) were produced (N=48) using the adhesives: Clearfil S3 Bond (CS3)/Kuraray, Clearfil SE Bond - control group (CSE)/Kuraray, Optibond Solo Plus (OS)/Kerr and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU)/3M ESPE. The solvents were either evaporated for 30 s or not evaporated (N=24/per group), and then photoactivated for 80 s (550 mW/cm2). After desiccation, the specimens were weighed and stored in distilled water (N=12) or mineral oil (N=12) to evaluate the water diffusion over a 7-day period. Net water uptake (%) was also calculated as the sum of WS and SL. Data were submitted to 3-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (α=5%). The nanoleakage expression in three additional specimens per group was also evaluated after ammoniacal silver impregnation after 7 days of water storage under SEM. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that only the factor "adhesive" was significant (p<0.05). Solvent evaporation had no influence in the WS and SL of the adhesives. CSE (control) presented significantly lower net uptake (5.4%). The nanoleakage was enhanced by the presence of solvent in the adhesives. Conclusions: Although the evaporation has no effect in the kinetics of water diffusion, the nanoleakage expression of the adhesives tested increases when the solvents are not evaporated.

Este estudo investigou o reconhecimento de flashes de imagens de conteúdo afetivo de diferentes modalidades (faces e cenas) e valências emocionais (agradáveis, desagradáveis e neutras). Os resultados evidenciaram que a diferença de saliência perceptual entre os estímulos pode se sobrepor aos efeitos da valência emocional. O reconhecimento de cenas e de faces agradáveis não se diferenciou; o mesmo aconteceu para cenas e faces desagradáveis. Por outro lado, as valências apresentaram diferenças: imagens agradáveis foram reconhecidas mais rapidamente em relação às desagradáveis e faces agradáveis foram mais reconhecidas que as neutras. Suspeita-se, conforme literatura existente, que imagens desagradáveis apresentadas rapidamente enfraqueçam a ativação da amígdala e intensifiquem a ativação do córtex pré-frontal, que realiza um processamento de informações utilizando um tempo maior.

This study investigated the recognition of affective images flashes of different stimuli modalities (faces and scenes) and emotional valences (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral). Results showed that the difference among stimuli's perceptual salience can overlap the effects of emotional valence. As the recognition between pleasant scenes and faces, unpleasant ones did not differ. On the other hand the emotional valences showed differences: pleasant images were recognized faster compared to unpleasant images and pleasant faces were more recognized than neutral faces. Taking into account literature these results suggest that unpleasant images rapidly presented weaken activation in the amygdala and intensify it in the prefrontal cortex, which takes longer to process information.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el reconocimiento de flashes de imágenes con contenido afectivo de diferentes modalidades (rostros y escenas) y valencias emocionales (agradables, desagradables y neutras). Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia de saliencia perceptiva entre los estímulos se puedes obre poner a los efectos de la valencia emocional. No hubo diferencia entre el reconocimiento de escenas y de rostros agradables; lo mismo ocurrió para escenas y rostros desagradables. Por otra parte, las valencias presentaron diferencias: imágenes agradables fueron reconocidas más rápidamente en comparación a las desagradables, y caras agradables fueron más reconocidas que las neutras. Según la literatura existente, inferimos que imágenes desagradables presentadas rápidamente debilitan la activación de la amígdala e intensifican la activación del córtex pre-frontal, que realiza el procesamiento de información en un tiempo mayor.

Background:Calcium channel blockers such as conotoxins have shown a great potential to reduce brain and spinal cord injury. MVIIC neuroprotective effects analyzed in in vitromodels of brain and spinal cord ischemia suggest a potential role of this toxin in preventing injury after spinal cord trauma. However, previous clinical studies with MVIIC demonstrated that clinical side effects might limit the usefulness of this drug and there is no research on its systemic effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential toxic effects of MVIIC on organs and to evaluate clinical and blood profiles of rats submitted to spinal cord injury and treated with this marine toxin. Rats were treated with placebo or MVIIC (at doses of 15, 30, 60 or 120 pmol) intralesionally following spinal cord injury. Seven days after the toxin administration, kidney, brain, lung, heart, liver, adrenal, muscles, pancreas, spleen, stomach, and intestine were histopathologically investigated. In addition, blood samples collected from the rats were tested for any hematologic or biochemical changes.Results:The clinical, hematologic and biochemical evaluation revealed no significant abnormalities in all groups, even in high doses. There was no significant alteration in organs, except for degenerative changes in kidneys at a dose of 120 pmol.Conclusions:These findings suggest that MVIIC at 15, 30 and 60 pmol are safe for intralesional administration after spinal cord injury and could be further investigated in relation to its neuroprotective effects. However, 120 pmol doses of MVIIC may provoke adverse effects on kidney tissue.

INTRODUÇÃO: A citólise mediada por grânulos é uma das mais importantes funções efetoras de linfócitos T citotóxicos e células natural killer. Recentemente, três polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único foram identificados nos éxons 2, 3 e 5 do gene da granzima B, resultando em um haplótipo em que três aminoácidos da proteína madura Q48P88Y245 são alterados para R48A88H245, o que leva à perda da atividade citotóxica da proteína. No presente estudo, avaliamos a frequência desses polimorfismos em populações brasileiras. MÉTODOS:Avaliamos a frequência desses polimorfismos em grupos étnicos brasileiros (brancos, afro-brasileiros e asiáticos) por sequenciamento. RESULTADOS: As frequências alélica e genotípica do polimorfismo 2364A/G no éxon 2 em indivíduos afro-brasileiros (42,3% e 17,3%) foram significativamente maiores (p < 0,0001 e p = 0,0007) quando comparadas a brancos e asiáticos. Os polimorfismos 2933C/G e 4243C/T também foram mais frequentes em afro-brasileiros, mas sem diferença significativa. O grupo afro-brasileiro apresentou maior diversidade de haplótipos e o haplótipo RAH foi mais frequente nesse grupo (25%), seguidos pelos brancos (20,7%) e asiáticos (11,9%), semelhante à frequência apresentada na literatura. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma maior frequência de polimorfismos em afro-brasileiros e o haplótipo RAH foi mais frequente nesses indivíduos. Acreditamos que novos estudos devem ter como objetivo a investigação da correlação deste haplótipo com doenças relacionadas com a imunidade mediada por linfócitos citotóxicos, e se essa correlação for confirmada, novas estratégias de tratamento poderão ser elaboradas.

INTRODUCTION: The cytolysis mediated by granules is one of the most important effector functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Recently, three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified at exons 2, 3, and 5 of the granzyme B gene, resulting in a haplotype in which three amino acids of mature protein Q48P88Y245 are changed to R48A88H245, which leads to loss of cytotoxic activity of the protein. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of these polymorphisms in Brazilian populations. METHODS: We evaluated the frequency of these polymorphisms in Brazilian ethnic groups (white, Afro-Brazilian, and Asian) by sequencing these regions. RESULTS: The allelic and genotypic frequencies of SNP 2364A/G at exon 2 in Afro-Brazilian individuals (42.3% and 17.3%) were significantly higher when compared with those in whites and Asians (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0007, respectively). The polymorphisms 2933C/G and 4243C/T also were more frequent in Afro-Brazilians but without any significant difference regarding the other groups. The Afro-Brazilian group presented greater diversity of haplotypes, and the RAH haplotype seemed to be more frequent in this group (25%), followed by the whites (20.7%) and by the Asians (11.9%), similar to the frequency presented in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: There is a higher frequency of polymorphisms in Afro-Brazilians, and the RAH haplotype was more frequent in these individuals. We believe that further studies should aim to investigate the correlation of this haplotype with diseases related to immunity mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and if this correlation is confirmed, novel treatment strategies might be elaborated.

This study evaluated the influence of solvent evaporation conditions of acid-etching adhesives. The medium dentin of thirty extracted human third molars was exposed and bonded to different types of etch-and-rinse adhesives: 1) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) ; water-based; 2) Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) ; ethanol/water-based, and 3) Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB) ; acetone-based. Solvents were evaporated at air-drying temperatures of 21ºC or 38ºC. Composite buildups were incrementally constructed. After storage in water for 24 h at 37ºC, the specimens were prepared for bond strength testing. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). SBMP performed better when the solvents were evaporated at a higher temperature (p < 0.05). Higher temperatures did not affect the performance of SB or PB. Bond strength at room temperature was material-dependent, and air-drying temperatures affected bonding of the water-based, acid-etching adhesive.

This study examined the immediate bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesives to demineralized dentin saturated with either water or absolute ethanol. The research hypothesis was that there would be no difference in bond strength to dentin between water or ethanol wet-bonding techniques. The medium dentin of 20 third molars was exposed (n = 5). The dentin surface was then acid-etched, left moist and randomly assigned to be saturated via either water wet-bonding (WBT) or absolute ethanol wet-bonding (EBT). The specimens were then treated with one of the following etch-and-rinse adhesive systems: a 3-step, water-based system (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose, or SBMP) or a 2-step, ethanol/water-based system (Adper Single Bond 2, or SB). Resin composite build-ups were then incrementally constructed. After water storage for 24 h at 37°C, the tensile strength of the specimens was tested in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 5%). The failure modes were verified using a stereomicroscope (40'). For both adhesives, no significant difference in bond strength was observed between WBT and EBT (p > 0.05). The highest bond strength was observed for SB, regardless of the bonding technique (p < 0.05). No significant interaction between adhesives and bonding techniques was noticed (p = 0.597). There was a predominance of adhesive failures for all tested groups. The EBT and WBT displayed similar immediate bond strength means for both adhesives. The SB adhesive exhibited higher means for all conditions tested. Further investigations are needed to evaluate long-term bonding to dentin mediated by commercial etch-and-rinse adhesives using the EBT approach.