RESUMO O controle de pragas, doenças e plantas daninhas nas culturas de larga escala dependem da aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Estas aplicações estão sujeitas a diversos fatores que podem levar à deriva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a deriva de pontas de pulverização de jato plano inclinado. A deriva foi coletada em túnel de vento de 10 m de comprimento, com sistema de pulverização no seu interior. As coletas foram efetuadas em cinco pontos na horizontal, de 2,0 a 6,0 m, da ponta de pulverização e cinco pontos na vertical, de 0,1 a 0,5 m da base inferior do túnel de vento, totalizando 25 pontos amostrais. A calda aplicada foi a mistura de glyphosate (sal de isopropilamina, 1.080 g e.a. ha-1) com 2,4-D (sal dimetilamina, 1.005 g e.a. ha-1). Foram utilizadas as pontas J3D 100 025, JGC 120 02, JAP 110 015 e ADI 110 015 (testemunha), com 37,5º, 20º, 15º e 0º de inclinação, respectivamente, em dois sentidos de pulverização: contra e a favor do sentido do fluxo de ar. As pontas J3D, JGC e JAP, quando inclinadas a favor do fluxo de vento reduziram a deriva em 16,1, 2,6 e 39,0%, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha, e quando inclinadas contra o fluxo, reduziram a deriva em 53,4, 3,9 e 18,6%, respectivamente. Pontas de pulverização de jato plano inclinado com indução a ar de segunda geração (JAP) e jato plano padrão inclinado (J3D), reduzem a deriva em relação à ponta sem inclinação, independente do sentido de fluxo de vento.

ABSTRACT Pest, disease and weed control in large-scale crops depend on the application of agrochemicals. These applications are subject to several factors that can lead to drift. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray nozzles with inclined flat jet, on the drift. The drift was collected in a 10 m wind tunnel, with a spray system inside. The samples were collected in 5 horizontal points, from 2.0 to 6.0 m away from the spray nozzle and 5 points in the vertical, from 0.1 to 0.5 m away from the lower base of the wind tunnel, totaling 25 sample points. The mixture applied was glyphosate (isopropylamine salt, 1080 g a.e. ha-1) with 2,4-D (dimethylamine salt, 1.005 g a.e. ha-1). The nozzles J3D 100 025, JGC 120 02, JAP 110 015 and ADI 110 015 (control), inclined by 37.5º, 20º, 15º and 0º, respectively, were used in two directions of spray: upwind and downwind of the air flow direction. The nozzles J3D, JGC and JAP, when inclined downwind reduced the drift by 16.1, 2.6 and 39.0%, respectively, relative to the control, and when inclined upwind, reduced drift by 53.4, 3.9 and 18.6%, respectively, relative to the control. Spray nozzles with second-generation air-induction inclined flat jet (JAP) and standard inclined flat jet (J3D) reduce the collected drift compared to the nozzle without inclination, regardless of wind flow direction.

ABSTRACT The possibility of synthetic auxin applications in crops increases the risk of injury to sensitive plants. The aim of this study was to quantify the drift of herbicides sprayed in a wind tunnel and the injury in cotton plants. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The tested spray solutions were dicamba (0.250 L c.p. ha−1), glyphosate (0.625 L c.p. ha−1), 2,4-D (0.250 L c.p. ha−1), glyphosate + 2,4-D (0.625 L c.p. ha−1 + 0.250 L c.p. ha−1), and glyphosate + dicamba (0.625 L c.p. ha−1 + 0.250 L c.p. ha−1). Drift was quantified in a wind tunnel, collected at distances of 5, 10, and 15 m in relation to the spray tip. Cotton plants were placed in the same wind tunnel and the injury was visually evaluated for at 3, 7, and 15 days after application (DAA). The addition of glyphosate to dicamba and 2,4-D potentiated the drift from 5 m. At 10 and 15 m, dicamba and 2,4-D in isolation had the lowest drift potential. At 5 m, the injury is higher than at other distances regardless of the spray solution. At 10 m, 2,4-D in isolation presented the highest injury when compared to dicamba in isolation at 7 and 15 DAA. At 10 and 15 m, the addition of glyphosate to dicamba enhances the injury in cotton plants and herbicide mixtures do not differ from each other in relation to injury.

ABSTRACT: Spraying of crop protection products can be affected by weather conditions and spray nozzles, altering deposition patterns and coverage of the target surface. The objective of this research was to analyze the quality of sprayings performed in three periods of the day (9:00 am, 2:00 pm, and 6:00 pm), using two different droplet sizes (fine and coarse) in soybeans. Coverage and deposition were evaluated in the upper, middle, and lower portion of soybean canopy. Spraying the products at 2:00 pm increased leaf coverage in the medium portion but also increased losses to the soil. Spray nozzles with fine droplet sizes provided greater coverage and deposition in the medium and upper portion of the crop for the sprayings performed in the morning. If compared to coarse droplets, fine droplets increased leaf coverage and had no interference with the losses to the soil.

ABSTRACT The method used for removal of brilliant blue dye may have an influence in interpreting the results of spraying deposition studies. The aim of this study was to assess the number of washings and water volumes for brilliant blue dye removal from soybean leaflets and glass slides in fungicide sprayings with and without adjuvants. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 3 × 3 × 2 × 4 factorial scheme. The factors consisted of number of washings (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), water volume (15, 20, and 30 mL), target type (soybean leaflets and glass slides), and spray solutions (fungicide ProdutorBR® 0.5 L ha−1 without and with the adjuvants vegetable oil Agr’óleo® 0.5% v v−1, mineral oil Nimbus® 0.5% v v−1, and surfactant Silwet® 0.04% v v−1). Sprayings were carried out by using the nozzle model TT110015 at a pressure of 300 kPa (medium droplets). After spraying, targets were washed and the amount of brilliant blue dye removed per target area was detected by spectrophotometry. Brilliant blue dye removal is higher in glass slide when compared to soybean leaflets. With a single washing, a higher difficulty in removing the brilliant blue dye was observed for fungicide with vegetable oil. Only the first washing and a water volume of 15 mL are insufficient for brilliant blue dye removal from soybean leaflets and glass slides.

RESUMOObjetivou-se, neste trabalho, comparar o risco potencial de deriva provocada por três equipamentos que utilizam diferentes taxas de aplicação do herbicida glyphosate. Os equipamentos avaliados foram: pulverizador costal de acionamento manual, pulverizador costal pressurizado e um pulverizador de micronização centrífuga acionado eletricamente. Os equipamentos foram testados com as pontas de pulverização AXI 110015 e AXI 11003. O risco potencial de deriva foi avaliado em túnel de vento com coletas nas distâncias de 5, 10 e 15 m em relação ao local de pulverização e nas alturas de 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,0 m em referência ao túnel de vento. O pulverizador de micronização centrífuga acionado eletricamente apresentou risco de deriva inferior aos demais equipamentos; a mesma ponta de pulverização, AXI 110015, avaliada em túnel de vento, pode oferecer risco de deriva diferente quando utilizada em pulverizadores costais de acionamento manual e pressurizado.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to compare the potential risk of drift caused by three backpack sprayer in the application of glyphosate herbicide. The sprayers evaluated were: hand-held backpack sprayer, pressurized sprayer and electrically driven centrifugal sprayer. The hand-held backpack sprayer and pressurized sprayer were tested with AXI 110015 and AXI 11003 nozzles. The drift potential was evaluated in the samples collected at 5, 10 and 15 m distances and at 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0 m height in the tunnel. The electrically driven centrifugal sprayer showed lower drift in relation to other equipment. The same nozzles, AXI 110015, evaluated in the wind tunnel, can offer different drift potential when used in pressurized sprayers and hand-held backpack sprayer.

Neste estudo, foram definidas as principais características dos adjuvantes que influenciam e que podem contribuir para compreender o processo de formação de deriva nas pulverizações agrícolas. O experimento avaliou a pulverização de 33 soluções aquosas obtidas das combinações de adjuvantes e concentrações, e quantificou dos mesmos a deriva em túnel de vento e as variáveis denominadas de percentual de gotas menores que 50 µm (V50), percentual de gotas menores que 100 µm (V100), diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV), diâmetro de gota tal que 10% do volume do líquido pulverizado é constituído de gotas de tamanho menor que esse valor (DV0,1), viscosidade, densidade e tensão superficial. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicatas, com pontas de pulverização Tejeet XR8003 VK, pressão de 200 kPa (gotas médias). As soluções pulverizadas foram marcadas com o corante Azul Brilhante a 0,6% (m v-1). O DMV, V100 e a viscosidade causam maior influência no potencial risco de deriva. As características avaliadas e suas respectivas metodologias de determinação apresentam aplicabilidade na avaliação de adjuvantes quanto ao potencial risco de deriva.

This study defined the main adjuvant characteristics that may influence or help to understand drift formation process in the agricultural spraying. It was evaluated 33 aqueous solutions from combinations of various adjuvants and concentrations. Then, drifting was quantified by means of wind tunnel; and variables such as percentage of droplets smaller than 50 μm (V50), 100 μm (V100), diameter of mean volume (DMV), droplet diameter composing 10% of the sprayed volume (DV0.1), viscosity, density and surface tension. Assays were performed in triplicate, using Teejet XR8003 flat fan nozzles at 200 kPa (medium size droplets). Spray solutions were stained with Brilliant Blue Dye at 0.6% (m/ v). DMV, V100, viscosity cause most influence on drift hazardous. Adjuvant characteristics and respective methods of evaluation have applicability in drift risk by agricultural spray adjuvants.

A cada ano, há um aumento no consumo e na importância do uso de agrotóxicos na produção agrícola em alta escala, sendo fundamental o conhecimento da tecnologia de aplicação para o sucesso da atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da pressão de trabalho sobre a deriva gerada por diferentes pontas de pulverização, avaliada em túnel de vento. Os tratamentos foram compostos por duas pontas de pulverização: AXI 110015 e AXI 11002, nas pressões de 276 e 414 kPa. A calda de pulverização foi composta por água e NaCl a 10%. As aplicações foram realizadas com velocidade de vento de 2,0 m s-1, sendo a deriva coletada a 5,0; 10,0 e 15,0 m de distância da barra de pulverização e nas alturas de 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,0 m em relação ao piso do túnel. Para as duas pontas de pulverização, a maior deriva coletada ocorreu na menor distância em relação à barra de pulverização e na menor altura em relação ao piso do túnel. O modelo de ponta AXI 11002 apresenta menor porcentagem de deriva coletada em relação ao modelo AXI 110015, para as duas pressões testadas e em todos os pontos de coleta. Independentemente da ponta, o aumento da pressão de trabalho aumenta a porcentagem de deriva em todas as distâncias de coleta realizadas no túnel de vento.

Each year, there is an increase in pesticide consumption and in its importance of use in the large-scale agricultural production, being fundamental the knowledge of application technology to the activity success. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of working pressure on the drift generated by different spray nozzles, assessed in wind tunnel. The treatments were composed of two spray nozzles AXI 110015 and AXI 11002 with pressure levels of 276 and 414 kPa. The spray solution was composed by water and NaCl at 10%. The applications were conducted at wind speed of 2.0 m s-1, being the drift collected at 5.0; 10.0 and 15.0 m away from the spray boom and at heights of 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 e 1.0 m from the tunnel floor. To both spray nozzles, the greatest drift was collected at the smallest distance to the spray-boom and at the lowest height. The AXI 11002 nozzle gave a smaller drift relative to the AXI 110015 nozzle for the two tested pressures and for all the collection points. Regardless of the nozzle, a rise in the working pressure increases the spray drift percentage at all distances in the wind tunnel.

Para a otimização no uso de agroquímicos, vários países têm realizado inspeções periódicas em pulverizadores agrícolas. No Brasil, o conhecimento do estado destas máquinas pode nortear pesquisas e investimentos em orientação de uso e de manutenção das mesmas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o estado de manutenção de pulverizadores em uso para a região norte do Estado do Paraná. Foram avaliados itens como: presença, estado e escala do manômetro, estado das mangueiras, estado dos antigotejadores, presença de vazamentos, estado da barra, estado dos filtros, estado das pontas de pulverização e erros na taxa de aplicação. As máquinas foram caracterizadas como aprovadas quando não havia falha em nenhum item avaliado. O fator que ocasionou o maior índice de reprova entre as máquinas foi a escala incorreta do manômetro, que reprovou 84,55% das máquinas avaliadas. Outro fator de destaque foi a taxa de aplicação incorreta em 75,5% das máquinas. Do total dos 110 pulverizadores avaliados,apenas uma unidade foi aprovada.

To optimize the use of pesticides, several countries have carried out periodic inspections in agricultural sprayers. In Brazil, knowing the conditions of this machinery canguide researches and investments in guidelines for its use and maintenance. The objective of this study was to verify the state of sprayer maintenance used in the North of the state of Paraná, in Brazil. Several sprayer items were evaluated, such as: presence, status and scale of the manometer, status of the hose, status of the anti-drip component, presence of leaks, status of the bar, status of the filters, state of the spraying nozzles and errors in the targeted flow rate. Machines were named as approved when there was no failure in any item evaluated. The factor that caused the biggest level of reprove among the machines was incorrect scale of manometers, which reproved 84.55% of the machines evaluated. Other outstanding factor was the incorrect flow rate in 75.5% of the tested machines. Only one unit was approved from the total of 110 evaluated sprayers.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes pontas de pulverização para aplicações terrestres em alta velocidade sobre a cobertura e depósito da pulverização em plantas de soja. Foram avaliadas as pontas de jatos planos AXI 110 04 à velocidade de 4,17 m.s-1 (testemunha), de jatos planos APE cinza e AXI 110 08, e de jatos planos duplos TD HiSpeed 110 06 e AXI TWIN 120 06, à velocidade de deslocamento de 9,72 m.s-1. O volume de aplicação foi fixado em 120 L.ha-1. A eficiência de aplicação foi avaliada por dois métodos: análise visual do percentual de cobertura, utilizando marcador fluorescente e com luz ultravioleta, e análise de depósito através da recuperação e da quantificação do marcador Azul Brilhante FD&C N°1 por espectrofotometria. Ambas as análises foram realizadas em amostras retiradas das partes superior, média e inferior das plantas. As pontas de pulverização mostraram padrões de cobertura e depósito diferenciados, de modo que, na parte superior, a cobertura foi favorecida por gotas mais finas e o depósito melhorado pelo uso de gotas médias. Nas demais partes da planta, não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para cobertura e depósito. A velocidade de deslocamento não interferiu na eficiência da aplicação para pontas com o mesmo padrão de gota, sendo os níveis dos depósitos e da cobertura nos terços inferior e médio inferiores a 50% dos obtidos na parte superior das plantas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different spray nozzles for land applications in high speed on the coverage and deposit in soybean plants pulverization. It was evaluated the AXI 110 04 plane jet nozzles operated at speed of 4.17m.s-1 (control), the grey APE and the AXI 110 08 plane jets, and the TD HiSpeed 110 06 and AXI TWIN 120 06 twin jets, at speed of 9.72m.s-1. The application volume was fixed in 120L ha-1. The application efficiency was evaluated by two different methods: analysis of the coverage area using fluorescent pigment and UV light and analysis of deposits through the recovery and quantification of FD&C N°1 brilliant blue marker by spectrophotometry. Both analyses were done in samples collected from top, middle and bottom parts of the plants. The spray nozzles showed differences in coverage and deposit pattern, so in the top part, the coverage was increased with smaller drops and the deposits were increased with medium drops. In the other parts of the plants, there were no statistical differences between the treatments for both coverage and deposits. The displacement speed did not influence the application efficiency for nozzles with the same drop pattern, and the obtained spray coverage and deposits at the medium and bottom parts of the plants were less than 50% of that found at the top of the soybean plants.

No Brasil, o uso de agrotóxicos consumirá, anualmente, mais de seis milhões de m3 de água como veículo, na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O menor volume de calda aumenta a autonomia e a capacidade operacional dos pulverizadores, diminuindo o risco de perdas por escorrimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar diferentes taxas de aplicação do glifosato quanto à eficiência no controle e à deposição da calda em plantas daninhas na operação de “repasse” ou “catação”. Foram executados oito tratamentos com quatro repetições distribuídos em blocos ao acaso. As taxas de aplicação avaliadas foram: 8,8, 73, 96,7, 190, 260, 380 e 467 L ha-1, aplicadas com equipamentos costal de acionamento manual, costal pressurizado e micronizador rotativo tipo CDA. Realizou-se a eficiência no controle das plantas daninhas considerando-se o efeito das aplicações em cada um dos tratamentos. A avaliação qualitativa, comparando-se os depósitos obtidos em cada um dos tratamentos, foi feita pela pulverização sobre as plantas daninhas de uma solução de água e cloreto de sódio com os mesmos equipamentos e nas mesmas condições. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de utilização de menores volumes de aplicação sem prejuízo da qualidade.

The growing use of pesticides in agriculture will consume more than six million cubic meters of water annually in Brazil, on sugarcane crop alone. The minor volumes of water can give an increase in autonomy and capacity of sprayer, and reduces the chance of loss by runoff. This work has the purpose to compare different rates of the glyphosate herbicide application, concerning efficiency of control and volume deposition on weeds, at operations of “repass” on sugarcane crop. Eight treatments with four replications were studied in randomized blocks. Application rates evaluated were: 8.8, 73, 96.7, 190, 260, 380 and 467 L ha-1, using a pressurized knapsack sprayer and another with hand operation and a rotative micronizer type CDA. Efficiency on weed control was evaluated considering obtained application effects on each treatment. Qualitative evaluation, comparing obtained deposition on each treatment, was done spraying on weeds with a solution of water plus sodium chloride, using the same equipament and conditions. The results showed the possibility to use lower flow rate of application without problems over the quality.