ABSTRACT The insertion of the tree component in coffee production is a strategy from an economic and environmental perspective. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal influence on the agronomic and productive performance of the coffee crop under the interference of different tree species as a function of spacing. The experiment was set in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Amparo-MG, in 2012, and conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were: cultivar ‘Catuai Vermelho IAC 99’ in monoculture (3.40 m x 0.65 m) and intercropped with African mahogany, teak and pink cedar, in two spacings (9 x 13.6 m and 18 x 13.6 m), in coffee rows. Three coffee rows were fixed between rows, totaling 13.6 m. The following variables were evaluated: height (m), stem diameter (cm), crown diameter (m), productivity (bags ha-1) and yield (l/sc) for coffee. From the evaluations, there is a significant effect of height, productivity and yield for the coffee crop. The system intercropped with tree species did not influence coffee productivity and yield until the 3rd harvest and, for the 5th harvest, intercropping with mahogany favored productivity, although the accumulated productivity did not show any treatment effect.

ABSTRACT Brazil is the largest Coffea arabica L. producer and exporter in the world market. In view of the need for nitrogen fertilization, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of digital images of coffee leaves as a function of nitrogen concentration and cultivars, as well as to evaluate the most adequate sampling of this technique to predict leaf nitrogen. The experiment was set in a greenhouse, at UNESP - Experimental Campus of Registro-SP, using 12L pots with medium sand. A completely randomized design was adopted, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four concentrations of N (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3), and two coffee cultivars (Mundo Novo and Obatã), with ten replications. The variables evaluated were: hue, dark green color index (DGCI), leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. The hue and DGCI were influenced by N concentration, cultivar and are dependent on the day after treatment application and the number of leaves used. The use of five leaves per replication was more adequate to estimate leaf N content. Hue, DGCI and leaf area were higher in Obatã depending on the day after application of the treatment and N concentration.

RESUMO As mudanças climáticas ameaçam a sobrevivência das culturas comercias com sua base genética estreita. Uma das alternativas é a identificação de plantas com potencial para a tolerância a estresses abióticos. Objetivou-se verificar as adaptações fisiológicas e anatômicas ao período seco e os impactos sobre a produtividade de acessos de cafeeiro Híbrido de Timor. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 7 x 2, sendo sete genótipos (UFV 377-21, UFV 377-21, UFV 442-42, BE 5 Wush-Wush x UFV 366-08, UFV 428-02, UFV 376-31 e UFV 427-55) e dois períodos sazonais (seco e chuvoso), com duas repetições. Foram avaliados a condutância estomática; potencial hídrico na antemanhã; níveis de peróxido de hidrogênio e malondialdeído; atividade das enzimas catalase, superóxido dismutase e ascorbato peroxidase; conteúdo de ascorbato; espessura da cutícula da face adaxial e limbo foliar; densidade estomática; relação entre diâmetro polar e equatorial; área do floema; área, diâmetro e frequência de vasos do xilema; condutividade hidráulica relativa; índice de vulnerabilidade; e produtividade. Observaram-se aclimatações dos acessos ao período seco, sendo que alguns mantiveram maiores valores de potencial hídrico na antemanhã; indução do sistema antioxidante com o aumento da atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase e de níveis de ascorbato; aumento da espessura da cutícula e do limbo foliar; e maior relação entre diâmetro polar e equatorial. A maioria dos acessos avaliados apresentou bom desempenho produtivo, com destaque para UFV 377-21, UFV 442-42 e UFV 376-31, com adaptações ao período seco e potencial produtivo.

ABSTRACT Climate change threatens the survival of commercial crops due to their narrow genetic base. One of the alternatives is the identification of plants with potential for abiotic stress tolerance. This study aimed to verify the physiological and anatomical adaptations to the drought period and the impacts on the yield of ‘Híbrido de Timor’ coffee tree accessions. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 7 x 2 factorial arrangement, being seven genotypes (UFV 377-21, UFV 377-21, UFV 442-42, BE 5 Wush-Wush x UFV 366-08, UFV 428-02, UFV 376-31 and UFV 427-55) and two seasonal periods (dry and rainy), with two replications. The stomatal conductance; predawn water potential; levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde; activity of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate oxidase; ascorbate content; cuticle thickness of the adaxial surface and leaf lamina; stomatal density; ratio between polar and equatorial diameter; phloem area; area, diameter and frequency of xylem vessels; relative hydraulic conductivity; vulnerability index; and yield were evaluated. The results showed acclimatization of the accessions to the dry period, with some of them maintaining higher water potential values in the predawn; induction of the antioxidant system with the increase in the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme and ascorbate levels; increase in the cuticle and leaf lamina thickness; and a higher ratio between polar and equatorial diameters. Most of the evaluated accessions showed a good productive performance, especially the ‘UFV 377-21’, ‘UFV 442-42’ and ‘UFV 376-31’, with adaptations to the dry period and yield potential.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade sensorial da bebida do café arábica sob a influência de espécies arbóreas cultivadas em diferentes espaçamentos. O ensaio foi instalado em 2012, no município do Santo Antônio do Amparo, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Um delineamento de blocos ao acaso foi realizado, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos, conforme a seguir: Coffea arabica Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 em monocultivo (3,40x0,65 m); e essa cultivar consorciada em dois espaçamentos (9,0x13,6 e 18,0x13,6 m), na linha dos cafeeiros, com mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis), teca (Tectona grandis), ou cedro-rosa (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius). Nas entrelinhas, foram fixadas três linhas de café, tendo totalizado 13,6 m entre as fileiras arborizadas. A produtividade, a análise sensorial (prova de xícara) e a análise de conteúdo dos atributos sensoriais foram avaliadas nas safras de 2017 e 2018. Os tratamentos e os anos de colheita influenciaram na produtividade. A análise sensorial foi positiva para o consórcio com o mogno-africano e a teca, em 2018. Os atributos sensoriais e as nuances são modificados pelos anos de colheita. Os cafeeiros arábica consorciados com mogno-africano apresentam produtividade superior, independentemente do espaçamento entre as espécies, bem como qualidade sensorial superior na colheita de 2018.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and beverage sensory quality of arabica coffee under the influence of tree species cultivated at different spacings. The experiment was set in 2012, in the municipality of Santo Antônio do Amparo, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A randomized complete block design was carried out with four replicates and seven treatments, as follows: Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 Coffea arabica in monoculture (3.40x0.65 m); and this cultivar intercropped at two spacings (9.0x13.6 and 18.0x13.6 m) in the coffee row ‒ either with African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), teak (Tectona grandis), or pink cedar (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius). Three coffee rows were fixed between rows, totaling 13.6 m between the wooded rows. Productivity, sensory analysis (cup test), and content analysis of sensory attributes were evaluated in the 2017 and 2018 crop years. The treatments and years of harvest influenced productivity. The sensory analysis was positive for coffee intercropped with African mahogany and teak, in 2018. Sensory attributes and nuances are modified by the years of harvest. Arabica coffee plants intercropped with African mahogany show a superior productivity, regardless of the spacing between species, as well as a higher sensory quality in the 2018 harvest.

RESUMO Os benefícios da micorrização ocorrem com o crescimento das hifas nas raízes colonizadas, promovendo uma ampliação da superfície de contato, aumento a absorção de água e nutrientes das raízes, facilitando crescimento inicial.Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inoculação fungo micorrizico arbuscular Rhizophagus clarus sobre o desenvolvimento inicial e a resposta nutricional de seis genótipos de Coffea arabica L. Foram utilizados seis genótipos de Coffea arabica L. (MGS Aranãs, H 29-1-8-5, Catuai vermelho IAC 144, Catiguá MG2, Paraíso H 419-1) com fungo micorrizico arbuscularFMA: Rhizophagus clarus e sem aplicação do fungo com cinco repetições. Para produção das mudas de café, sementes foram colocadas para germinar em bandeijas plásticas com areia estéril. Após a germinação 10 mudas de cada genótipo foram transferidas para tubos de polietileno de 0,120 dm3com substrato. Nesse momento procedeu-se a inoculação de cinco mudas de cada genótipo com o FMA R. clarus. Quando as mudas de cafeeiro com e sem inoculação com o FMA apresentaram seis pares de folhas foram transplantadas para vasos de 13 litros, contendo solo (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico) esterilizado. A inoculação favoreceu o crescimento inicial das plantas de café e sua intensidade variou de acordo com os genótipos. Dos seis genótipos utilizados H 29-1-8-5, Catuai Vermelho IAC 144 e Catiguá MG 2 foram os que apresentaram maiores massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca das raízes, massa seca total e acúmulo do nutriente P, em relação ao MGS Aranãs, Paraiso H 419-1 e o IPR 100, sendo os mais promissores para serem inoculadas com fungo micorrízico arbuscular.

ABSTRACT The benefits of mycorrhization occur with the growth of hyphae in colonized roots by promoting an increase of the contact surface which improves the initial growth due to a better absorption of water and nutrients. The objective was to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus inoculation over the initial development and nutritional response of six genotypes of Coffea arabica L. Six genotypes of Coffea arabica L. were used (MGS Aranas, H29-1-8-5, Red Catuai IAC 144, IPR 100, Catigua MG2, Paraíso H 419-1) and with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus - AMF: Rhizophagus clarus and without the application of the fungus. For the production of coffee seedlings, seeds were placed to germinate in plastic trays with sterile sand. After germination, 10 seedlings of each genotype were transferred to 0.120 dm3 polyethylene tubes with substrate. Then the inoculation of five seedlings of each genotype with the AMF R. Clarus was performed. When the seedlings with and without inoculation with the AMF presented six pairs of leaves they were transplanted to 13-liter pots containing soil (Dystrophic red-yellow latosol). The inoculation favored the initial growth of the coffee plants and its intensity varied according to the genotypes. The genotypes H 29-1-8-5, Red Catuai IAC 144 and Catigua MG 2 were the ones that presented higher shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and accumulation of P, in relation to MGS aranãs, Paraiso H 419-1 and IPR 100, so they are the most promising to be inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.

RESUMO As micorrizas proporcionam diversos benefícios às plantas de cafeeiro. Avaliou-se se esses benefícios influenciam nos danos causados pela competição de Bidens pilosa com plantas jovens de café. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, com tratamentos estabelecidos pelo fatorial 2 x 3 (presença e ausência da interferência de B. pilosa em plantas inoculadas com Claroideoglomus etunicatum ou Dentiscutata heterogama e não inoculadas). Plântulas de café foram inoculadas com esporos dos fungos e se desenvolveram por 120 dias. Em seguida, foram submetidas à interferência de B. pilosa por mais 120 dias, quando foram coletados dados de crescimento, colonização micorrízica, massa seca e teores foliares de nutrientes no cafeeiro. Também foram avaliados a massa seca e os teores de nutrientes em plantas de B. pilosa. A inoculação proporcionou melhor crescimento e nutrição das plantas de café. A competição com B. pilosa reduziu a colonização micorrízica, altura, área foliar, massa seca de folhas e de caule, massa seca de raízes, número de ramos plagiotrópicos e teores de P e Fe das plantas de café, porém, esse efeito foi menor nas plantas inoculadas. A massa seca de B. pilosa diminuiu sob a interferência de plantas de café inoculadas. A inoculação de C. etunicatum e D. heterogama, em mudas de café arábica, aumenta a capacidade competitiva da cultura frente à interferência de B. pilosa.

ABSTRACT Mycorrhizae provide several benefits to coffee plants. This study evaluated whether these benefits influence the damage caused by the Bidens pilosa competition with coffee seedlings. A randomized blocks design was used, with treatments established in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (presence and absence of B. pilosa interference in non-inoculated control or plants inoculated with either Claroideoglomus etunicatum or Dentiscutata heterogama). Coffee seedlings were inoculated with fungi spores and developed for 120 days. Then, they were subjected to the interference of B. pilosa for more 120 days, when data were collected for growth traits, mycorrhizal colonization, dry matter and foliar nutrient concentrations in coffee plants. Dry matter and nutrient contents in B. pilosa plants were also evaluated. Inoculation provided better growth and nutrition of coffee plants. The competition with B. pilosa reduced mycorrhizal colonization, height, leaf area, leaf and stem dry mass, root dry weight, number of reproductive branches and levels of P and Fe in the coffee plants. However, the harmful effect of the interference was lower in inoculated coffee plants. The dry mass of B. pilosa decreased under the interference of inoculated coffee plants. The inoculation of C. etunicatum and D. heterogama in Arabica coffee seedlings increases the competitiveness of the crop against B. pilosa interference.