ABSTRACT Objective The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face masks on pulse rate and partial blood oxygen saturation in patients without cardiorespiratory disorders. Methods A total of 150 volunteers of both sexes were divided into three groups (n=50) according to age (children, young adults, and older adults). The partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were measured for each volunteer using a digital oximeter while wearing a facial mask and remaining at rest. The masks were removed for two minutes, and partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were remeasured. The materials and types of masks used were recorded. The t -test for paired samples was used to compare the mean values obtained before and after removing the masks. Results The most frequently used mask was a two-layered cloth (64.7%). A decrease in pulse rate was observed after removing the face mask in males, particularly in children (p=0.006) and young adults (p=0.034). Partial blood oxygen saturation levels increased in young adult males after mask removal (p=0.01). Conclusion The two-layer cotton tissue face masks are associated with a higher pulse rate and reduced arterial blood oxygen saturation without associated clinical disorders, mainly in adult men with a lower tolerance to breathing and ear discomfort.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O consumo excessivo de álcool é um problema de saúde presente no mundo inteiro. Este artigo avalia o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas por estudantes de Medicina e sua relação com características pessoais e aspectos sociais. MÉTODOS Estudo realizado com estudantes dos 1o, 3o e 6o anos do curso de medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais no ano de 2019. Os alunos foram convidados a participar anonimamente, respondendo a um questionário com 15 perguntas relativas a características do estudante (sexo, idade, renda familiar, prática de atividades físicas, origem, condição de moradia e desempenho discente) e ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (início, motivo, ocasiões de uso, tipo de bebida, quantidade consumida). Os dados foram comparados com significância correspondente a p<0,05. RESULTADOS Um total de 382 estudantes de ambos os sexos respondeu ao questionário. O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas foi relatado por 85% dos entrevistados. Cerca de 70% dos alunos de 1o e 3o anos e 47% dos alunos do 6o ano foram motivados pela socialização com colegas. O consumo de bebida alcoólica foi prevalente entre os que praticavam atividades físicas (93%) e moravam com a família (89%). Ao redor de 80% consumiram bebidas alcoólicas antes do ingresso na faculdade, com maior frequência no sexo masculino. CONCLUSÕES O consumo de álcool começa durante o ensino médio, estimulado pela socialização. Os homens que praticam atividades físicas e moram com a família são os maiores consumidores.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Excessive alcohol consumption is a global health issue. This article aims to evaluate the consumption of alcohol by medical students in relation to their personal and social aspects. METHODS This study was conducted with students in the first, third, and sixth year of medical school at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in 2019. Students were invited to participate anonymously by responding to a questionnaire with 15 questions regarding student characteristics (gender, age, family income, physical activity, origin, housing condition, and academic performance) and alcohol consumption (onset, reason, occasions of use, type of drink, amount consumed). Data were compared with significance corresponding to p<0.05. RESULTS A sample of 382 students of both sexes responded to the questionnaire. Alcohol consumption was reported by 85% of students. About 70% of first and third-year students and 47% of those of the sixth year were motivated by socializing with peers. Alcohol consumption was prevalent among those who practice physical activities (93%) and live with their families (89%). Around 80% had consumed alcohol before starting medical school, and consumption was more frequent in males. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption begins during high school, stimulated by socialization. Men who practice physical activities and live with their families are the largest consumers.

ABSTRACT Background: Acute myeloid leukemia presenting the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene is a rare subgroup associated with hemophagocytosis in early infancy and monocytic differentiation. The aim of this study was to define the relevant molecular cytogenetic characteristics of a unique series of early infancy acute myeloid leukemia cases (≤24 months old), based on the presence of hemophagocytosis by blast cells at diagnosis. Methods: A series of 266 infant cases of acute myeloid leukemia was the reference cohort for the present analysis. Acute myeloid leukemia cases with hemophagocytosis by blast cells were reviewed to investigate the presence of the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Eleven cases with hemophagocytosis were identified with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis being ruled out. Six cases were classified as myelomonocytic leukemia, three as AML-M7 and two as AML-M2. In five cases, the presence of the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene identified by molecular cytogenetics was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. All patients received treatment according to the Berlin-Frankfürt-Münster acute myeloid leukemia protocols and only one out of the five patients with the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene is still alive. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the presence of hemophagocytosis in acute myeloid leukemia was not exclusively associated to the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene. Improvements in molecular cytogenetics may help to elucidate more complex chromosomal rearrangements in infants with acute myeloid leukemia and hemophagocytosis.

Resumo Introdução: A terapia por meio do frio (crioterapia) é comumente utilizada no meio clínico para o tratamento de lesões em função de seus efeitos benéficos sobre a dor, a inflamação local e o tempo de recuperação dos pacientes. No entanto, não existe um consenso na literatura acerca dos efeitos da crioterapia nas reações fisiológicas de tecidos comprometidos após uma lesão. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão para analisar os efeitos da aplicação de crioterapia sobre parâmetros circulatórios, metabólicos, inflamatórios e neurais. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com busca nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo, PEDro e Scopus segundo os critérios de elegibilidade. Os estudos selecionados foram avaliados metodologicamente pela escala PEDro. Resultados: 13 estudos originais foram selecionados e que apresentaram alta qualidade metodológica. Discussão: A crioterapia promove uma significativa redução do fluxo sanguíneo, da pressão nos capilares venosos, da saturação de oxigênio e hemoglobina (apenas em tecidos superficiais)e da velocidade de condução neural. Contudo, o efeito do resfriamento tecidual sobre a concentração de substâncias inflamatórias induzidas pelo exercício, como a enzima creatina quinase e a mioglobina, permanece incerto. Conclusão: As respostas fisiológicas à aplicação da crioterapia são favoráveis ao uso desse recurso terapêutico no tratamento de processos inflamatórios e minimização de quadros álgicos, e demonstra sua importância na reabilitação de lesões do sistema neuromuscular.

Abstract Introduction: The cooling therapy (cryotherapy) is commonly used in clinical environmental for the injuries treatment according to its beneficial effects on pain, local inflammation and the recovery time of patients. However, there is no consensus in the literature about the effects of cryotherapy in the physiological reactions of affected tissues after an injury. Objective: To realize a systematic review to analyze the cryotherapy effects on circulatory, metabolic, inflammatory and neural parameters. Materials and methods: A search was performed in PubMed, SciELO, PEDro and Scopus databases following the eligibility criteria. Included studies were methodologically assessed by PEDro scale. Results: 13 original studies were selected and presented high methodological quality. Discussion: The cryotherapy promotes a significant decrease in blood flow, in venous capillary pressure, oxygen saturation and hemoglobin (only for superficial tissues) and nerve conduction velocity. However, the effect of cryotherapy on the concentration of inflammatory substances induced by exercise, as the creatine kinase enzyme and myoglobin, remains unclear. Conclusion: The physiological reactions to the cryotherapy application are favorable to the use of this therapeutic tool in inflammatory treatment and pain decrease, and demonstrate its importance in the neuromuscular system injuries rehabilitation.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a taxa de produção de força (TPF) e o torque máximo em indivíduos com espasticidade e saudáveis. Participaram do estudo 15 sujeitos pós-AVC (57,3 ± 11,2 anos) com espasticidade de tornozelo e 15 sujeitos saudáveis (59,0 ± 6,4 anos). Um dinamômetro isocinético foi utilizado para a avaliação da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CVM) e da TPF dos flexores plantares do tornozelo, na qual os participantes foram instruídos a produzir força máxima o mais rápido possível. A TPF absoluta também foi normalizada pela CVM (TPF relativa). Como resultados, foram encontradas diferenças significativas na TPF absoluta do lado afetado (43,3 ± 8,5 Nm/s) e não afetado (98,9 ± 20,4 Nm/s) quando comparados com os saudáveis (186,2 ± 25,2 Nm/s), porém sem diferenças entre os membros espásticos (p=0,15). Em relação a TPF relativa, apenas o lado afetado (9,76 ± 1,1 %CVM/s) apresentou diferença em relação aos saudáveis (13,08 ± 1,5 %CVM/s). A CVM produzida pelo lado afetado (46,55 ± 7,98 Nm) foi significativamente menor quando comparado ao lado não afetado (84,29 ± 8,47 Nm) e, os dois lados foram mais fracos em comparação aos indivíduos saudáveis (128,02 ± 9,36 Nm). Por fim, o nível de espasticidade apresentou alta correlação negativa em relação a TPF (R= -0,725; p= 0,002) e a CVM (R= -0,717; p=0,003). A espasticidade gera alterações na capacidade de produzir força máxima e rápida tanto no membro afetado quanto no não afetado em indivíduos que tiveram AVC em relação a indivíduos saudáveis.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the rate of force development (RFD) and maximum torque in spastic stroke survivors and healthy individuals. Fifteen stroke survivors (57.3 ± 11.2 years) with ankle spasticity and fifteen healthy individuals (59.3 ± 6.4 years) participated in this study. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and RFD assessment of plantar flexors muscles of ankle, which the individuals were instructed to produce maximum torque as fast as possible. The absolute RFD was normalized by MVC (relative RFD). In results were observed significant differences in RFD of affected limb (43.3 ± 8.5 Nm/s) and unaffected limb (98.9 ± 20.4 Nm/s) compared to healthy (186.2 ± 25.2 Nm/s), but with no differences between affected and unaffected limbs (p=0.15). In relation to relative RFD, the affected limb (9.76 ± 1.1 %MVC/s) was significant different than healthy (13.08 ± 1.5 %MVC/s). The MVC produced by affected limb (46.55 ± 7.98 Nm) was significant lower than unaffected limb (84.29 ± 8.47 Nm) and, the two limbs of stroke survivors were weakness than healthy individuals (128.02 ± 9.36 Nm). Lastly, the spasticity level present higher negative correlation in relation to RFD (R= -0.725; p= 0.002) and MVC (R= -0.717; p=0.003). The spasticity promotes alterations in capacity to produce maximum force and fast force in affected and unaffected limbs of stroke survivors compared to healthy.

Este trabalho avaliou a resistência à infecção de tronco e de raízes por Phytophthora nicotianae em híbridos somáticos de citros com potencial para serem utilizados como porta-enxertos. Os híbridos somáticos avaliados foram laranja 'Hamlin' (Citrus sinensis) + toranja 'Indian Red' (Citrus grandis) (plantas 1 e 2) e laranja 'Hamlin' (C. sinensis) + toranja 'Singapura' (C. grandis). Plantas de limão 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia), laranja 'Caipira' (C. sinensis), laranja-azeda (C. aurantium) e Poncirus trifoliata 'Davis A' (Poncirus trifoliata) foram utilizadas como plantas-controle devido à reação conhecida à infecção pelo patógeno. Avaliações realizadas entre 30 e 60 dias após as inoculações com o patógeno incluíram o comprimento das lesões no tronco e a massa seca do sistema radicular nas plantas avaliadas. O híbrido somático laranja 'Hamlin' + toranja 'Indian Red' (planta 1) mostrou-se tolerante a P. nicotianae, indicando potencial para continuidade nas suas avaliações como porta-enxerto para citros.

This study aimed to evaluate the resistance to trunk and root infection by Phytophthora nicotianae in citrus somatic hybrids with potential to be utilized as rootstocks. The somatic hybrids evaluated were 'Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) + 'Indian Red' pummelo (Citrus grandis) (plants 1 and 2), and 'Hamlin' sweet orange (C. sinensis) + 'Singapura' pummelo (C. grandis). Plants of 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia), 'Caipira' sweet orange (C. sinensis), sour orange (C. aurantium), and Poncirus trifoliata 'Davis A' (Poncirus trifoliata) were used as control due to their known reaction to the pathogen. Evaluations performed between 30 and 60 days after pathogen inoculation included the length of trunk lesions, and root dry mass of the root system of evaluated plants. The somatic hybrid 'Hamlin' sweet orange + 'Indian Red' pummelo (plant 1) was tolerant to P. nicotianae, indicating potential to be further evaluated as a rootstock.

A reatividade e diastereosseletividade da adição conjugada de íons nitronatos representativos à (R)-carvona foi estudada. Os adutos de Michael 2a-e foram obtidos em bom rendimento e boa 3,2-cis-3,5-trans-seletividade. Os nitroadutos 2b e 2c foram transformados via uma reação de Nef nos ceto-derivados 9 e 10 ao passo que uma reação de desnitração transformou 2b e 2d nos derivados alquilados da carvona 11 e 12.

The reactivity and diastereoselectivity of conjugate addition of different nitronates ions to (R)-carvone was systematically studied. The Michael adducts 2a-e were obtained in good yield and 3,2-cis-3,5-trans selectivity. The nitroadducts 2b,c were transformed via Nef reaction into (R)-carvone ketone derivatives 9,10 and nitroadducts 2b,d led to (R)-carvone alkylated derivatives 11,12, via a denitration reaction.