ABSTRACT Various attributes are often required to build soil quality indicators. However, determining these attributes is time-consuming and requires several specific devices. Thus, it is desirable to develop indexes that express soil quality based on easily determined attributes. The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial variability of the S index and its correlation with other physical and chemical soil attributes to generate a pedotransfer function for estimating the S index. A georeferenced sampling mesh covering 1.4 ha and employing 71 points was installed. The soil samples were collected in 0.00–0.15 m and 0.15–0.30 m deep layers to determine the physical and chemical attributes. The results indicated that the S index was correlated with porosity, carbon stocks, cation exchange capacity, and particle size fractions. However, macroporosity, microporosity, and sand content were the most suitable attributes for the construction of pedotransfer functions. A principal component analysis indicated that the S index was representative of 9.4% and 11.5% of the total variability in the dataset in the respective soil layers. Spherical semivariogram models showed that the S index was spatially dependent and ranged between 84–188 m. The S index maps estimated by the pedotransfer function resemble the observed S values; therefore, the function can be applied in spatial variability studies.

ABSTRACT The least limiting water range (LLWR) is a soil physical quality indicator that receives much attention. It has been criticized and put to the test regarding mathematical models that compose it since they describe the behavior of soil physical attributes in a simplified way. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of some pedofunctions proposed in the literature and artificial neural networks on the accuracy in predicting soil water retention at potentials equivalent to field capacity (θFC) and permanent wilting point (θPWP). In other words, to apply the best models to LLWR of two soil types (Oxisol and Ultisol) and verify changes in their structure. The results indicated that pedofunctions using sand, silt, clay, bulk density, and soil organic matter contents are more efficient in estimating θFC and θPWP. However, the use of multiple linear regression models to predict θFC values below 0.20 m3 m−3 may present a slight tendency to overestimate it, which is not observed in the neural networks. As in R2, equations from neural networks were more efficient in estimating θFC and θPWP. Pedofunctions used to calculate LLWR differ in the establishment of the critical soil bulk density, exposing the limitations of the model.

ABSTRACT Assess the physical quality of agricultural soils it is important to establish the management more adequate for plant growth. In this study, the soil water retention curve and S index as indicators of soil physical quality were evaluated in five integrated production systems in the following forestry arrangements: Eucalyptus in a single line, double line and triple line (Eucalyptus I, II and III respectively), Balsa in triple line and Teak triple line. The density and arrangement of forest trees influence the soil physical properties. Less soil water retention was observed in the Teak and Balsa wood systems in the layers 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. The field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water were lower under the projection from the treetops, providing less soil water retention at this site. This position suffers more influence of the animal's footstep, having greater alterations on the soil structure. Integrated production systems showed poor soil structural quality based on the S index, averaging 0.034 and 0.035 for layers 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m respectively.

O experimento foi realizado em ambiente protegido, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do resíduo da mineração de bauxita nos teores de macronutrientes, no solo e em plantas de cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizados vasos de 10 L que receberam as seguintes doses de resíduo de bauxita: 0; 28;56; 84; 112 e 140 t ha-1, utilizando-se do clone de cana-de-açúcar SP92 4221. A incorporação do resíduo de bauxita no solo proporcionou aumento nos teores dos macronutrientes do solo, sendo que apenas para o enxofre doses acima de 83 t ha-1 proporcionaram reduções desse nutriente. Já para os teores de macronutrientes determinados na folha, doses acima de 70,5; 125; 101 e 56 t ha-1 diminuíram os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e enxofre, respectivamente. Entretanto, para o cálcio e o magnésio, a utilização do resíduo proporcionou a diminuição dos seus teores foliares. A dose do resíduo de bauxita que teve a maior produção de massa seca foi de 64 t ha-1.

The experiment was carried out in green house with the objective of evaluating the effect of the bauxite mining residue in the rates of macronutrients in sugarcane and soil. Containers of 10 L were used. They received the following rates of bauxite residue: 0; 28; 56; 84; 112 and 140 t ha-1 . The used culture was the sugarcane (SP92 4221). The incorporation of the bauxite residue in the soil provided an increase in the levels of the soil macronutrients, and only for sulphur levels above 83 t ha-1, it was possible to provide reductions of this nutrient. For rates of determined macronutrients in the leaf, levels above 70, 5; 125; 101; 56 t ha -1 diminished the rates of nitrogen, phosphorum, potassium and sulphur, respectively. However, for calcium and magnesium the use of the residue provided the reduction of leaf rates. The level of the bauxite residue which had the largest production of dry mass was 64 t ha-1.

A resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RP) exerce grande influência sobre o desenvolvimento vegetal, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes, tal como a produtividade das culturas, variam de forma inversamente proporcional ao seu valor. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a correlação entre a produtividade de feijão (PG) e a RP do Latossolo Vermelho cultivado a quatro anos no sistema plantio direto, pertencente a FEIS/UNESP. Os atributos RP e PG, foram determinados em uma malha regular contendo 119 pontos amostrais. A RP foi determinada nas camadas de 0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20, 0,20-0,25 e 0,25-0,30 m. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística descritiva, assim como a correlação linear e geoestatística. A correlação linear entre a PG e a RP foi praticamente nula, uma vez que, em função das camadas estudadas do solo, apontou coeficientes de determinação (R²) menores que 0,03 e não significativos. A análise geoestatística apontou moderada estrutura de dependência espacial para RP nas camadas de 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,15 m e forte para a PG; entretanto, sua análise espacial conjunta mostrou-se sem correlação e, assim, a variabilidade espacial da RP não influenciou a da PG.

The soil mechanical resistance to penetration (PR) has great influence on vegetative development as the root growth and the crop productivity change in inverse proportion. Thus, the objective of this research was to study correlation between the bean grain productivity and the PR in an Oxisol cultivated for four years in no-tillage system at FEIS/UNESP. The attributes PR and yield were determined in a regular grid with 119 sample points. The PR was determined in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15, 0.15-0.20 and 0.25-0.30 m. The results were submitted to procedures of descriptive statistics, linear correlation and geostatistic analysis. The linear correlation between the yield and PR was practically null, as in all soil layers investigated it showed determination coefficients (R²) smaller than 0.03 and not significant. The geostatistic analysis showed moderate structure of spatial dependency for PR in the layers of 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.15 m, and strong for yield; however, the conjugate spatial analysis of such attributes showed no correlation, therefore, the spatial variability of PR did not influence the yield.