Abstract Eucalyptus species possess anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties. In this study, the chemical composition and biological activities of Eucalyptus cinerea essential oil (EO) and the leaf and stem anatomy were investigated. EO was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and the compounds were identified by GC/MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and reducing phosphomolybdenum complex. Broth microdilution was used to determine antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity was verified against HeLa, HRT-18, and Calu-3 cells by MTT assay. The cytotoxic mechanism was studied by cell DNA content, cell cycle, and DNA fragmentation. The microscopic analyzes of the leaves and the stems were performed by light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The main constituent of the EO was 1,8-cineole (55.24%). The EO showed low antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Calu-3 cells showed a significant reduction in viability with IC50 of 689.79 ± 29.34 μg/mL. EO at 1000 μg/mL decreased the DNA content in Jurkat cells. In general, EO increased cell percentage in sub-G0 and S phases with concomitant reduction of cell percentage in G0/G1 and G2/M phases and provided DNA fragmentation of 29.73%. Anatomical and micromorphological features of the leaves and stems can help in the species identification and its differentiation from other Eucalyptus species.

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Trichilia (Meliaceae) do sudeste do Brasil é descrita, ilustrada e comparada com as espécies relacionadas. Trichilia arenaria sp. nov. é morfologicamente similar a T. casaretti, T. elegans e T. pallens. Chave de identificação e tabela comparativa para T. arenaria e essas três espécies da Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo também são apresentadas.

Abstract A new species of Trichilia (Meliaceae) from Southeastern Brazil is here described, illustrated and compared to its closest related species. Trichilia arenaria sp. nov. is morphologically similar to T. casaretti, T. elegans and T. pallens. An identification key and comparison table for T. arenaria and those three species from Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo are also presented.

Abstract DNA barcoding helps to identify species, especially when identification is based on parts of organisms or life stages such as seeds, pollen, wood, roots or juveniles. However, the implementation of this approach strongly depends on the existence of complete reference libraries of DNA sequences. If such a library is incomplete, DNA-based identification will be inefficient. Here, we assess if DNA barcoding can already be implemented in species-rich tropical regions. We focus on the tree flora of São Paulo state, Brazil, which contains more than 2000 tree species. Using new DNA sequence data and carefully assembled GenBank accessions, we assembled 12,113 sequences from ten different regions. The ITS, rbcL, psbA-trnH, matK and trnL regions were better represented within the available sequences for São Paulo tree flora. Currently, only 58% of the São Paulo tree flora currently have at least one barcoding sequence available. However, these species represent on average 89% of the trees in São Paulo state forests. Therefore, conservation-oriented and ecological studies can already benefit from DNA barcoding to obtain more accurate species identifications. We present which taxa remain underrepresented for the São Paulo tree flora and discuss the implications of this result for other species-rich tropical regions.

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus saligna Sm., Myrtaceae, commonly known as Sydney blue gum, is often confused with several other species in the genus. The leaf volatile oils of the species have been reported to have antimicrobial, insecticidal, nematicidal, repellent and cytotoxicity properties. The present work provides anatomy as well as volatile oil chemistry of the species collected from South Brazil. The anatomy and histochemistry of the leaves and stems were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy, and the leaf and stem volatile oils were analyzed by GC–MS. Amphistomatic leaves, anomocytic stomata, presence of papillae and epicuticular waxes, slightly biconvex midrib with a bicollateral vascular bundle in open arc and two dorsal traces, secretory cavities, calcium oxalate druses and prismatic crystals, rounded petiole with a bicollateral vascular bundle in open arc with invaginated ends and rounded stem with sclerenchyma abutting the internal and external phloem are observed in this species. The main components of the volatile oil were p-cymene (28.90%) and cryptone (17.92%). These characteristics can help in the identification and quality control of E. saligna.

Resumo Meliaceae possui 50 gêneros e cerca de 550 espécies distribuídas em todo mundo, embora com maior diversidade na região pantropical. No Brasil, são encontradas 84 espécies distribuídas em sete gêneros. Esse estudo apresenta o tratamento florístico das espécies de Meliaceae no estado do Espírito Santo. Para alcançar esses resultados, foram consultados os principais herbários do país, além de realizadas atividades de campo. Os principais resultados deste trabalho incluem, descrições morfológicas para os gêneros e as espécies, chaves de identificação, ilustrações e comentários taxonômicos. Com relação as novidades taxonômicas, foram encontradas 25 espécies que pertencem a quatro gêneros, uma pertencente a Cabralea, duas a Cedrela, seis a Guarea e 16 a Trichilia. Nesse estudo também são apresentados uma nova ocorrência para o estado e ainda, duas espécies de Trichilia são provisoriamente tratadas como Trichilia sp. 1 e Trichilia sp. 2.

Abstract Meliaceae has 50 genera and about 550 species distributed in the whole world, although with greater diversity in the pantropical region. In Brazil, there are 84 species distributed in seven genera. This study presents the floristic treatment of the Meliaceae species in the state of Espírito Santo. In order to achieve these results, we consulted the main herbaria in the country and performed field activities. The main results of this work include the morphological descriptions of the genera and species, identification keys, illustrations and taxonomic comments. In terms of the taxonomic novelties, 25 species belonging to four genera were found: One belonging to Cabralea, two to Cedrela, six to Guarea, and 16 to Trichilia. In this study, we also present a new species occurrence for the state and therefore, the two Trichilia species are provisionally treated as Trichilia sp. 1 and Trichilia sp. 2.

Resumo Matayba contêm cerca de 50 espécies de arbustos ou árvores distribuídas desde o México até o norte da Argentina e divididas em quatro seções. No Brasil estão presentes 30 espécies e 17 delas são endêmicas. Matayba sect. Matayba tem o maior número de espécies e ocorre apenas na América do Sul. No Brasil essa seção está representada predominantemente fora da região Amazônica, com exceção de M. guianensis que é amplamente distribuída na América do Sul. A presente revisão taxonômica das espécies de Matayba sect. Matayba, inclui descrições, reavaliação nomenclatural e tipificação, delimitação dos táxons, chave de identificação e ilustrações. Os principais caracteres diagnósticos desta seção são o número e forma dos folíolos, os padrões da nervação e a posição e proeminência das domácias. Nas flores, o indumento das sépalas, pétalas e filetes é o caráter mais usado. Um total de 17 espécies nessa seção são reconhecidas. Uma espécie foi excluída, 20 lectótipos e um neótipo são designados, dois nomes de espécies e 10 de formas e subformas são posicionados em sinonímia e novos dados de distribuição para diversas espécies no Brasil foram registrados.

Abstract Matayba contains around 50 species of shrubs or trees, distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina and it is divided into four sections. In Brazil there are 30 species, 17 of them endemic. Matayba sect. Matayba is the largest section of the genus in number of species and occurs only in South America. In Brazil, this section is mainly found outside the Amazon region, with the exception of M. guianensis wich is widely distributed throughout South America. The present taxonomic revision of Matayba sect. Matayba includes descriptions, nomenclatural and classification reassessment, taxa delimitation, identification keys and illustrations. The main diagnostic characters for this section are the number and shape of the leaflets, the venation patterns and the prominence and position of the domatia. In the flowers, the most useful features are the indument on sepals, petals and filaments, both of diagnostic and taxonomic importance. A total of 17 species are recognized in this section. One species was excluded, 20 lectotypes and one neotype are designated, two species names and 10 forms and subforms are placed in synonymy, and new distributional records for several species in Brazil are registered.