Abstract Pineapple is the most exported tropical fruit in the world in terms of volume. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the scientific publications on pineapple, with an emphasis on the agricultural sciences. 7,885 documents published between 1893 and 2022 (February 22nd), 2,350 of which belonged to the agricultural sciences, were retrieved from the Scopus-indexed database to be analyzed using the word pineapple. VOSviewer software was used for a bibliometric network analysis using author keyword mapping. 78.2% of the documents were articles, with an increase in the volume of publications over time. The scientists were from 138 countries, with India, the United States, and Brazil accumulating 36.2% of the total number. The research has focused on topics such as chemistry, food technology (primarily juice), the use of pineapple as a medicinal plant, and the clinical benefits of its main enzyme (bromelain). Scientists in the chemical field reported more research than in the agricultural and biological areas due to the properties of the fruit. Our results indicate that few studies focus on rural extension or technology transfer to growers. More efforts should be made to help local pineapple growers improve their yields and attain a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach to the production of this fruit.

Resumo O abacaxi é a fruta tropical mais exportada no mundo em termos de volume. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar de forma abrangente as publicações científicas sobre abacaxi, com ênfase nas ciências agrárias. 7.885 documentos publicados entre 1893 e 2022 (22 de fevereiro), 2.350 dos quais pertencentes às ciências agrícolas, foram recuperados da base de dados indexada pelo Scopus, para serem analisados usando a palavra abacaxi. O software VOSviewer foi usado para uma análise bibliométrica da rede, usando o mapeamento de palavras-chave do autor. 78,2% dos documentos eram artigos, com aumento do volume de publicações ao longo do tempo. Os cientistas eram de 138 países, com Índia, Estados Unidos e Brasil acumulando 36,2% do total. A pesquisa enfocou temas como química, tecnologia de alimentos (principalmente sucos), uso do abacaxi como planta medicinal e benefícios clínicos de sua principal enzima (bromelina). Cientistas da área química relataram mais pesquisas do que nas áreas agrícola e biológica, devido às propriedades da fruta. Nossos resultados indicam que poucos estudos focam a extensão rural ou a transferência de tecnologia aos produtores. Mais esforços devem ser feitos para ajudar os produtores locais de abacaxi a melhorar seus rendimentos e a alcançar uma abordagem sustentável e mais ecológica para a produção dessa fruta.

Resumen Los científicos(as) tienen el reto de estudiar diferentes fenómenos, esto los lleva a plantear una diversidad de preguntas que se responden utilizando diferentes métodos de investigación que varían también dependiendo del grado de desarrollo de cada área del conocimiento en particular. Pese a esta diversidad en la ciencia, se tiene la connotación de que existe un único método científico: el método hipotético-deductivo. Este artículo retoma la obra de Ruy Pérez Tamayo: ¿existe el método científico?, para recorrer el desarrollo histórico de diversos métodos y conceptos pertinentes para la ciencia con el objetivo de permitir al lector(a) tener una visión holística pero centrada en los diversos métodos y herramientas para hacer ciencia.

Abstract Scientists have the challenge of studying different phenomena, this leads them to raise a diversity of questions that are answered using different research methods that also vary depending on the degree of development of each particular area of knowledge. Despite this diversity in science, there is the connotation that there is only one scientific method: the hypothetico-deductive method. This article takes up the work by Ruy Pérez Tamayo: does the scientific method exist? to go through the historical development of various methods and concepts relevant to science with the aim of allowing the reader to have a vision that is holistic but focused on the various methods and tools to do science.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the structure and competitiveness of the global sheep meat market using econometric indices (Balassa's revealed comparative advantage, relative position market [RPM], relative export advantage [RXA], imported specialization index [RMA], relative trade advantage [RTA], and net export index [NEI]), as well as sheep meat production, structure, consumption, and trade volume for 151 countries with sustained participation in the global trade market for sheep meat from 2003 to 2013. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify countries. We observed that structure, production, and imports of sheep meat were unconcentrated, e.g., there is no country dominating for those indices; in contrast, the export market was highly concentrated with a duopolistic structure. For trade competitiveness, New Zealand, the Republic of Macedonia, and Sudan were competitive and specialized, while New Zealand and Australia were dominant in the international trade market. The global sheep meat market has become more concentrated, as it has developed as a specialized market. Therefore, there is a need for a holistic vision and understanding of the global sheep meat market so that its impact on farmers can be foreseen.

Abstract The certifications seek to give a guarantee to the consumer, so agrifood producers have had to integrate this tendency to certify production, moving away from generic products towards a trend of differentiation. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis using bibliometric tools on the subject of labeling, agriculture and consumer. A review of the topic was carried out from 1968 to 2018 (September 28), identifying 285 publications and conserving 204 useful documents, from which were analyzed: journals, countries and institutions that have published on the subject. The data was obtained from Scopus and analyzed with the VOSviewer program to determine the co-occurrence of terms and map the science. The results show that research is concentrated in three areas: the consumer, the agricultural producer and legislation. The issue of labeling is important for producers especially those who seek to be governed by aspects of ethical and ecological production; however, it is necessary to carry out communication campaigns to make the consumer aware of the certifications. In conclusion, the research on labeling, agricultural production and the consumer is in force, several studies are necessary that include the vision of the Mexican consumers or producers in order to be able to contribute to the scientific debate on this topic.

Resumen Las certificaciones buscan dar una garantía al consumidor por lo que los productores de agroalimentos se han tenido que integrar a esta tendencia de certificar la producción, alejándose de los productos genéricos hacia una tendencia de diferenciación. El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un análisis utilizando herramientas bibliométricas del tema de etiquetado, agricultura y consumidor. Se realizó una revisión del tema desde 1968 a 2018 (septiembre 28), identificando 285 publicaciones y conservándose 204 documentos útiles, de las cuales se analizaron: revistas, países e instituciones que han publicado sobre el tema. Los datos fueron obtenidos de Scopus y analizados con el programa VOSviewer para determinar la co-ocurrencia de términos y mapear la ciencia. Los resultados muestran, que las investigaciones se concentran en tres ejes: el consumidor, el productor agropecuario y la legislación. El tema de etiquetado es importante para los productores especialmente aquellos que buscan regirse por aspectos de producción ética y ecológica; sin embargo, es necesario que se hagan campañas de comunicación para concientizar al consumidor sobre las certificaciones. En conclusión, la investigación sobre etiquetado, la producción agrícola y el consumidor es vigente, son necesarios diversos estudios que incluyan la visión de los consumidores o productores mexicanos a fin de poder contribuir al debate científico sobre este tema.

Abstract This work analyzed the volatiles by obtaining extracts of green leaves of sugar cane in the mature state of eight varieties of sugarcane and of two pasture species by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger trap. The varieties of sugar cane used in this study were: CP 72-2086, MEX 69-290, RD 75-11, ITV 92-1424, MEX 79-431, L 77-50, COLPOS CT MEX 05-223, COLPOS CT MEX 05-204. The grasses evaluated were: itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) and African star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). In the evaluated material three main compounds were found, these are: (Z) -3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol and phytol. These compounds were more representative in the varieties CP 72-2086 and MEX 69-290. The compound with greater frequency was (Z) -3-hexen-1-ol, which was present in seven varieties as well as in the two pastures evaluated. The abundance of (Z) -3-hexen-1-ol in the samples of the varieties of sugarcane varies from 20.35% to 57.36%, the greater amount of (Z) -3-hexen-1-ol was detected in African star grass with an abundance of 59.69%.

Resumen Este trabajo analizó las volátiles mediante la obtención de extractos de hojas verdes de caña de azúcar en estado maduro de ocho variedades de caña de azúcar y de dos especies de pastos mediante hidrodestilación con una trampa Clevenger. Las variedades de caña de azúcar utilizadas en este estudio fueron: CP 72-2086, MEX 69-290, RD 75-11, ITV 92-1424, MEX 79-431, L 77-50, COLPOS CT MEX 05-223, COLPOS CT MEX 05-204. Los pastos evaluados fueron: zacate peludo (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) y pasto estrella africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis). En el material evaluado se encontraron tres compuestos principales, estos son: (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol y fitol. Estos compuestos fueron más representativos en las variedades CP 72-2086 y MEX 69-290. El compuesto con mayor frecuencia fue el (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, que estuvo presente en siete variedades al igual que en los dos pastos evaluados. La abundancia de (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol en las muestras de las variedades de caña de azucar varia desde 20.35% hasta 57.36%, la mayor cantidad de (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol se detecto en el pasto estrella africana con una abundancia de 59.69%.

Abstract This article presents a bibliometric mapping for innovation and producers concepts. The map allows you to observe the concepts and topics in the area as well as identify relationships between them. Two maps were generated, the first used 841 articles available in SCOPUS from 1974 to 2018 (September 27) with 285 key terms, the second used 434 articles that comprised the period from 2013 to 2018 (September 27) and 152 key terms. The VOSviewer program was used to create both maps, the key concepts and the organization of cluster co-occurrences. The results show that trends are to document innovations developed for producers, analyze the actor (producer) as a subject that adopts innovations, study different transfer strategies and disseminate innovations such as innovation systems and social networks. In the case of Mexico, the main publications were made by CIMMYT researchers and are focused on corn. It is concluded that this research topic is in force, especially to theorize on how the processes of transfer, dissemination, diffusion and adoption of innovations can be facilitated.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un mapeo bibliométrico para los conceptos de innovación y productores. El mapa permite observar los conceptos y temas en el área, así como identificar relaciones entre ellos. Se generaron dos mapas, el primero utilizó 841 artículos disponibles en SCOPUS desde 1974 a 2018 (27 de septiembre) con 285 términos clave, el segundo utilizó 434 artículos que comprendían el período de 2013 a 2018 (27 de septiembre) y 152 términos clave. Se utilizó el programa VOSviewer para crear ambos mapas, los conceptos clave y la organización de co-ocurrencias en clúster. Los resultados muestran que las tendencias son a documentar innovaciones desarrolladas para productores, analizar al actor (productor) como sujeto que adopta innovaciones, estudiar diferentes estrategias de transferencia y difusión de innovaciones como son los sistemas de innovación y las redes sociales. En el caso de México, las principales publicaciones fueron hechas por investigadores del CIMMYT y están enfocadas al maíz. Se concluye que este tema de investigación se encuentra vigente, especialmente para teorizar sobre la manera en que se pueden facilitar los procesos de transferencia, diseminación, difusión y adopción de innovaciones.

Abstract The escamol ant (L. apiculatum Mayr) is important economically for rural communities. In four localities of the Potosino-Zacatecano High Plateau, escamol ant nests were identified and their yield was determined, as well as their relation to the habitat and the population size of their colonies during the 2010 harvest of escamoles. In the nests registered the following variables were evaluated: condition of the nest, quality of the nest, amount of ants (scarce, regular and abundant), type of nesting substrate, and escamol yield. The condition of the nests was compared through Indexes of Relative Abundance, Relative Density. To determine the association between quality of the nest and amount of ants, the Observation Frequencies (OF) were used, and the independent contingencies tables of x 2. To determine the effect of the nesting substrate and the escamol yield (clean weight in g), ANOVA was performed. Seventy-seven (77) nests were found; the condition of the nest that predominated was “disturbed” (79 %), with an average relative density of 4.14 nests km-1. The OF and the x² analysis identified a higher relation (3.47) between scarce amount of ants-bad quality and regular amount of ants-very good quality (2.06) of the nest (p=0.001999). The ANOVA identified a relationship between the nesting substrate and the escamol yield (p=0.0013), with a higher yield in the nopal nesting substrate (36 %).

Resumen La hormiga escamolera (L. apiculatum Mayr) es importante económicamente para las comunidades rurales. En cuatro localidades del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano, durante la recolecta de escamoles 2010, se identificaron nidos de la hormiga escamolera, y se determinó su rendimiento, su relación con el hábitat y su tamaño poblacional de sus colonias. En los nidos registrados se evaluaron las variables: condición del nido, calidad del nido, cantidad de hormigas (escasa, regular y abundante), tipo de sustrato de anidación y rendimiento de escamol. La condición de nidos se comparó mediante Índices de Abundancia Relativa, Densidad Relativa. Para determinar la asociación entre la calidad del nido y la cantidad de hormigas se utilizaron las Frecuencias de Observación (FO) y tablas de contingencias independientes de x 2. Para determinar el efecto del sustrato de anidación y el rendimiento del escamol (peso limpio en g) se realizó un ANOVA. Se registraron 77 nidos; la condición del nido que predominó fue la “perturbada” (79%), con una densidad relativa promedio de 4.14 nidos km-1. Las FO y el análisis de x² identificaron una mayor relación (3.47) entre una cantidad de hormigas escasa-mala calidad y una cantidad regular de hormigas-muy buena calidad (2.06) del nido (p=0.001999). El ANOVA identificó una relación entre el sustrato de anidación y el rendimiento de escamol (p=0.0013), con un mayor rendimiento en el sustrato de anidación nopal (36 %).

The The findings of a research regarding the discussion about the Mexican's identity are presented. The values that characterize them and the socio-demographic and territorial aspects explaining the differences between "the others' vision" and "my own vision" based on values were studied on a sample of 629 inhabitants of two municipalities of the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. A chi-square test was applied in order to observe differences between groups (p<0.05). Results show that the values were specific to the socio-demographic and territorial aspects, where being honest and hard-working were the most common for all groups. There were differences between urban and rural inhabitants, the first ones considered themselves as more cheerful and risk adverse whist the second ones defined themselves as more economizers, hard-workers and sincere. The research concludes that in terms of values there is no unique definition regarding the Mexican's identity, existing subcultures that can be explained by the variables considered.

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación sobre la identidad del mexicano, los valores que lo definen y las diferencias sociodemográficas y territoriales entre la visión del "otro" y la "propia", en una muestra de 629 habitantes de dos municipios potosinos. Para el análisis se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrada para encontrar diferencias entre grupos (p<0.05). Se demostró que los valores evaluados son específicos de lo sociodemográfico y territorial; entre ellos, ser honrado y ser trabajador fueron los más comunes. Hubo diferencias entre los habitantes urbanos y los rurales: aquéllos se percibieron como fiesteros y entrones, y éstos, como ahorradores, trabajadores y sinceros. La conclusión es que en función de los valores no existe una definición única en la identidad del mexicano, pues existen subculturas que se explican por los aspectos estudiados.

In this study, there were two objectives: a) analyzing the social networks of vegetable producers in the middle zone of San Luis Potosí, México, in order to determine their organization; and b) establishing the importance that trust has for business relations such as loaning money, asking for money or setting up a society. Surveys were applied to 35 producers, who referenced 170 names that were later concentrated into 39 producers. With the field information, symmetrical matrices were built to schematize the network structure, and three logistic regression models were formulated to establish the probability of intention for action based on trust. The results show the importance that proximity between actors has. It is concluded that different levels of trust explain the disposition to lending money, setting up a society and, to a lesser degree, asking for money on loan.

En la presente investigación se tuvieron dos objetivos: a) analizar las redes sociales de los productores de hortalizas de la zona media de San Luis Potosí, México, a fin de determinar su organización; y b) establecer la importancia que tiene la confianza para las relaciones de negocios como prestar dinero, pedir dinero o hacer una sociedad. Se encuestó a 35 productores, que referenciaron 170 nombres que posteriormente se concentraron en 39 productores. Con la información de campo se construyeron matrices simétricas para esquematizar la estructura de la red y se formularon tres modelos de regresión logística para establecer la probabilidad de la intención de acción basada en la confianza. Los resultados muestran la importancia que tiene la proximidad entre actores. Se concluye que diferentes niveles de confianza explican la disposición a prestar dinero, hacer una sociedad y, en menor medida, a pedir dinero prestado.